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Block 6 ( week 1) incomplete > Bascic Pricniples Of Biochemistry > Flashcards

Bascic Pricniples Of Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotoxins?

A

Neurotoxins are compounds that are toxic to the nervous system and can disrupt neurotransmission.

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2
Q

Can neurotoxins be useful?

A

Despite being toxic to the nervous system, neurotoxins can be beneficial if they are used properly to treat some medical conditions.

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3
Q

Name some examples of neurotoxins and what you know about them

A
  • Botulinum toxin —> is a toxin widely used in plastic surgery and can cause paralysis of the muscle tissue
  • Snake venom —> A bungarotoxin which is present in snake to aid with killing a prey
  • Atropine —> atropine from the atropa belladonna plant
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4
Q

What are the basic units of the nervous system?

A

Neurones

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5
Q

What two effects can a neurotransmitter exert at a synapse?

A

A neurotransmitter can have an inhibitory effect or a stimulatory effect.

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6
Q

There are two different types of neurotransmitters and they can be divided into two broad groups. What are they ?

A
  • Neuropeptides

- small molecule neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A

Neuropeptides are produced in the cell body alongside enzymes and they are jointly transported down to the action terminal. At the action terminal the enzymes can then act on these neurotransmitter precursors to then produce an active compound. These can diffuse into the synaptic cleft or they are present in large dense vesicles.

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8
Q

What are small molecule neurotransmitters?

A
  • Enzymes responsible for the metabolism of small molecule neurotransmitters are produced in the cell body and Travel down to axon terminal where they metabolise neurotransmitter precursors. -These metabolised precursors are then packaged into vesicles.
  • The vesicles empty into the cleft when the neurone is activated.
  • The remaining neurotransmitters in the cleft can be broken down and reabsorbed into the axon terminal again as neurotransmitter precursors.
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9
Q

What a difference in synaptic signalling from neuropeptides vs small molecule neurotransmitters?

A
  • Neuropeptides mediate slower synaptic signalling and modify ongoing synaptic function.
  • Small molecule neurotransmitters are more associated with fast signalling
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10
Q

Name the 3 major classes of small neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Biogenic amines
  • Amino acids
  • Gases
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11
Q

What are the names of the Biogenic amines? (Small neurotransmitter)

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Histamine
  • Catecholamines
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12
Q

What are the names of Amino acids? (Small neurotransmitter )

A
  • Gultamate
  • Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
  • Gylcine
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13
Q

Gases ( small)

A
  • Nitric oxide

- Carbon dioxide monoxide

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14
Q

Name the 6 neuropeptides?

A
  • substamnce p
  • endorphins
  • vasopressin
  • oxytocin
  • somatostatin
  • thryotropin releasing hromone (TRH)
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15
Q

what is cotransmission?

A

cotransmission is the neurones ability to realse more then one neurotransmitter.

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16
Q

what does low frequencey stimulation release into the synaptic cleft?

A

small vesicles

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17
Q

what does high frequency stimulation release into the synaptic cleft?

A

large vesicles

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18
Q

outline the main criterias for a neurotransmitter?

A
  • chemical must be synthesised or present in a neurone.
  • chemical must produce a response in target
  • chemical must be sepecifc to receptors on post synaptic cell
  • chemical can be removed from the synaptic cleft
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19
Q

what are the two types of receptors?

A
  • Ionotrophic receptors

- Metabotrophic receptors

20
Q

Describe ionotrophoic receptors?

A
  • Made of 3/4 subunits
  • Associated with movement of ions
  • Normally activated to open or close when a neurotransmitter binds
21
Q

what are metabotrophic receptors?

A
  • Normally linked with G-protein
  • When a neurotransmitter binds it either activates the G-protein to actiavte an ion channel or stimulate a reaction to lead to a second messanger formation.
22
Q

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter. state the places where its present?

A
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
23
Q

what role does acetylcholine have in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Learning and memory
  • Sleep
  • Arousal
  • Aggression
24
Q

How is alzheimers disease associated with acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholine is found in neurones in the hippocampus and cerebal coretx regions. Damage to these areas are normal found in people with alzheimers disease.

25
Q

Explain the mechanism for acetylcholine ? ( start from the begining and remeber its a small molecule)

A
  • Enzymes are produced in the cell body ( block 1- In the rough endoplasmic reticulum and packaged by the golgi body) and then they travel to the axon terminal where they act on acetylcholine precursors.
  • The acetycholine is then packaged into vesicles and released when an action potential arives.
  • When an action potential arrives they are released into the synaptic cleft where they bind on post synaptic receptors.
    the remianing acetylcholine is broken down by aceytlcholinesterase to acetic acid and chline which are taken back in to the neurone.
26
Q

what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine and into what?

A
  • Enzyme : Acetylcholinesterase

- Products : Acetic acid and choline

27
Q

In alzheimers disease the medication given has an effect on acetylcholine what is it?

A

The medication taken can increase acetylcholine levels by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

28
Q

which medications inhibit acetylcholinesterase?

A

neostigmine and physiostigmine

29
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic (acetycholine)receptors and their subtypes ?

A

Nicotine receptors
-Nn–> found in post ganglionic neurones and presynaptic cholinergic terminals
Nm–> skeletal msucle endplates
Muscarinic receptors
-M1&M3&M5 —> coupled to G protein - phosoplipase c ( odd numbers)
- M2 & M4 —-> coupled to G protein I and they open potassium channels

30
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

amino acids that need to be injested and arent present in the body.

31
Q

glutamate is a amino acid ( small neurotransmitter), what is its improtance?

A
  • important for normal brain function as half the brinas synapses uses glutamate.
  • nearly all excitory neurones in the CNS are glutamatergic
32
Q

what effect can too much glutamate have ?

A

High concentration of glutamate can kill neurones

33
Q

How is glutamate made/broken down and by what cell?

A

glial cell responsible
excess glutamte broken down to glutamine by enzyme glutaminase.
glutamine then goes to the presynaptic neurone where its converted back into glutamate by glutaminase enzyme.
the gluatmate is packaged into vesicles and released when a signal arrives

34
Q

why may glutamte remain in the synaptic cleft and the impact of this?

A
  • Glutamate uptake transporters being dysnfunctional

- can cause motor neurone diseases such as epilepsy and alzheimers.

35
Q

what type of receptor does glutamate use and what are the subtypes?

A 
- glutatamte ionotropic receptors 
subtypes:
-AMPA- entry of sodium ions ]
- NMDA- depolarisation leads to ejection of mg2+ which opens the channel faciulitating calium in  to activate a secondary messenger 
-KINATE
36
Q

which glutamate receptor is associated with epilepsy?

A

NMDA receptors

37
Q

what is the function of GABA ( amino acid small molecule neurotransmitter)?

A

GABAergic neurones and Glycinergic neurones are the major source of inhibition in the brain.

38
Q

how is GABA formed?

A

glutamine moved from glia cell into the preseynaptic neurone. Enzyme GULTAMATE DEXARBOXYLASE then m,etabolises it into GABA.
GABA is then packaged into vesicles and released when a signal arrives.

39
Q

describe the structure of the GABA receptor on post synaptic neurone and action when bound to.

A

5 subunit stucture of alpha, beta and gamma make the receptor.
- when bound to by GABA they allow entry of chloride ions into the neurone which makes the membrane potential more negative.

40
Q

what drug can interact with the GABA receptor?

A

Dizaepam

41
Q

where is Glycine found and whats its function ( amino acid small molecule neurotransmitter)?

A

brain stem and spinal cord minly

  • involved in general motor and somatosensory systems
  • mjor spinal cord inhibitory transmitter
42
Q

glycine in the synaptic cleft can be taken up and resued or metaboblised into?

A

carbon dioxide and ammonia

43
Q

what type of receptors does glycine use and what happens when clycine binds?

A

inonotrophic receptors. when glycine bind it allows the entry of chloride ions

44
Q

How does tetanus have an effect on glycine?

A

teatanus gets into the blood stream and prevents the release of glycine ( which has an inhibitory effect) this is what causes the uncontrolled muscular contractions.

45
Q

How is glycine synthesised?

A

serine -> glycine.

Reabsorbed by transporters on glial cells or presynaptic neurones then cleaved to break it down.

Block 6 ( week 1) incomplete (5 decks)

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