BACTERIA (COCCI)

Question 1

What is Pyogenic Cocci?

Answer 1

Pyogenic cocci are spherical bacteria that cause various suppurative (pus-producing) infections in animals. Included are the Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the Gram-negative cocci,

Question 2

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 2

Staphylococcus aureus or “staph” is a type of bacteria found on human skin, in the nose, armpit, groin, and other areas. While these germs don’t always cause harm, they can make you sick under the right circumstances.

Question 3

What are the 5 Pathogenicity’s of Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 3

This microbe typically causes:

1. Infections of the skin and superficial tissues of the body, where it results in:
•	Boils
•	Furuncles
•	Carbunlces
•	Pimples

2. Abscesses: swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus
3. Food poisoning from a formation of a dangerous exotoxin from when the food is not properly refrigerated or heated, the cocci grow and produce an enterotoxin that affects the intestines of the person who eats the contaminated food.
4. Nosocomial infections are those acquired in hospital or medical facility settings. Staph infections are some of the most common.
5. Toxic Shock Syndrome from tampons. The chemicals in the tampons promoted the growth of some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and the exotoxin produced was the cause of the multiple organ failure.

Question 4

What are the 3 modes of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus ?

Answer 4

The 3 Mode of Transmission are:

1. Direct, person-to-person contact: the most common way this organism is transmitted.
2. Nasal carriers (patients that have the organism in their nasal cavities and sinuses)
3. Animals (livestock and pets) – animals can carry the infectious agent

Question 5

What are the Portals of Entry and Exit for

Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 5

The Portals of Entry and Exit are:
ENTERS
	Skin
	Mouth
	Nose
	Throat
EXITS
	Secretions from mouth, nose, throat
	Secretions from lesions

Question 6

What the immunity for Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 6

Immunity:

 We have natural immunity – serum antibodies proves natural exposure.

Question 7

What three things can you do to exercise prevention against Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 7

Prevention:

1. Good housekeeping via the proper use of disinfectants and antiseptics must be followed,
2. Patients must be isolated.
3. Hand washing!

Question 8

What are the 3 different organisms classifications for Streptococcal infections according to their hemolytic nature?

Answer 8

The 3 different organisms classifications according to their hemolytic nature for Streptococcal infections are:

1. Alpha hemolytic – slight or incomplete hemolysis (ex. Tooth abscesses and sinus infections).
2. Beta hemolytic – most virulent, complete hemolysis, acute and fulminating infections.
3. γ - Gamma – normally non-pathogenic and non-hemolytic

Question 9

What are three general characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 9

Three General characteristics of these organisms are:

1. They occur in pairs or chains
2. They normally are inhabitants of the mouth, nose, throat, and respiratory tract
3. They are pus formers

Question 10

What common infection is most linked to Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 10

Scarlet Fever, described as ‘strep throat with a rash,’ is another common infection linked to Streptococcus pyogenes. The hemolytic action of this microbe is seen on the throat, tongue, and surface of the skin with diffuse inflammatory reaction.

Question 11

What is the result of this hemolytic streptococcus reaching the uterus via hands or instruments?

Answer 11

Puerperal sepsis is the result of this hemolytic streptococcus reaching the uterus via hands or instruments.

Question 12

What is an infection of the upper respiratory tract due to Streptococcus pyogenes complicated by a chronic disease of the heart and joints, characterized by swelling, tenderness and fever?

Answer 12

Rheumatic fever is an infection of the upper respiratory tract due to Streptococcus pyogenes complicated by a chronic disease of the heart and joints, characterized by swelling, tenderness, and fever.

Question 13

What are the 4 MODES of TRANSMISSION for Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 13

The 4 Modes of Transmission for Streptococcus pyogenes?

1. Person-to-person via droplet infection
2. Indirectly via fomites, surgical procedures
3. Nasal carriers (patients that have the organism in their nasal cavities and sinuses) –an important source
4. Milk – similar to food infection as with Staphylococcus aureus

Question 14

What is the name of an inflammatory condition of the air sacs (alveoli), bronchioles, where the inflammation is caused by the microbe’s ability to produce fibrinolysin , resulting in lesions?

Answer 14

Streptococcus pneumoniae otherwise known as Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the air sacs (alveoli), bronchioles, and smaller bronchi of the lungs. All of these structures fill with the fibrinous exudates

Question 15

What is Lobar Pneumonia?

Answer 15

Lobar pneumonia – an acute disease with severe toxemia and massive inflammatory exudate that fills the air spaces of one or more of the lungs. This condition is accompanied by:

1. Rapid, shallow breathing
2. Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin resulting from poor circulation
3. Tachycardia: medical term for heart rate over 100 beats per minute
4. Nausea, and vomiting
5. Chronic abscess formation occasionally occurs

Question 16

Name the 5 conditions that accompany Lobar Pneumonia

Answer 16

The 5 conditions that accompany Lobar Pneumonia are:

 Rapid, shallow breathing
 Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin resulting from poor circulation
 Tachycardia: medical term for heart rate over 100 beats per minute
 Nausea, and vomiting
 Chronic abscess formation occasionally occurs

Question 17

What is often a secondary, as opposed to primary, infection that

1. usually a complication of measles or other chronic condition
2. consists of scattered, small inflammatory focal infections (Focal infection are infections in which bacteria are localized in some region, as the tonsils or the tissue around a tooth)
3. results in Chronic pneumonia

Answer 17

Bronchopneumonia – more often a secondary, as opposed to primary, infection has these characteristics.

Question 18

What is Meningitis?

Answer 18

Meningitis is an inflammatory condition of the meninges of the brain.
- Meninges is the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord

Question 19

What is Otitis Media?

Answer 19

Otitis media is an inflammatory condition of the middle ear.

Question 20

What is the disease accompanied by a discharge from the genital tract that is at first thin and watery and later purulent

Answer 20

Neisseria gonorrhea commonly known as Gonorrhea is a disease accompanied by a discharge from the genital tract that is at first thin and watery and later purulent.