Autophagy

Question 1

2 major types of autophagy

Answer 1

Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy

Question 2

Chaperone-mediated

Answer 2

recognition of specific proteins that contain a specific sequence (KFERQ), direct binding and delivery to lysosome

Question 3

macroautophagy

Answer 3

formation of the double membrane autosome with organelles and proteins inside, can fuse to endosome with membrane proteins inside (forming amphisome), or go straight to binding with lysosome (forming autolysosome). Lysosomal enzymes breakdown everything, AA are recycled

Question 4

macroautophagy functions

Answer 4

recycle AA and nutrients, Remove organelle, cell survival under stress, antigen presentation, Neuro-protection, removal of pathogens, aging, tumor suppression, Tumor promotion, inhibits apoptosis

Question 5

autophagic process

Answer 5

induction (activation by a PI3K complex), nucleation (phagophore), Expansion (Omegasome), Cargo targeting (LC3II and p62), Closure (autophagosome), fusion to endosome, fusion to lysosome

Question 6

protective action against neurodegeneration

Answer 6

can remove proteins that aggregate to prevent neuronal damage

Question 7

apoptosis induction and autophagy

Answer 7

Bcl-2 regulates apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptotic proteases (caspases) can cleave essential autophagy regulators inactivating them and blocking autophagy.