Attention/Consciousness

Question 1

Attention

Answer 1

Contigently selective processing

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

Awareness of thoughts/actions

Question 3

Helmholtz

Answer 3

Consciousness: there is no way to take in all the information we need to understand the world,
We have to make assumptions/inferences about whats in the environment
Inferences about form/shape, location/distance, movement in target zone

Question 4

William James- Unconscious

Answer 4

“the sovereign means for believing what one likes in psychology and of turning what might become a science into a tumbling-ground for whimsies

Question 5

Automaticity Benefits

Answer 5

Doesn’t take up cognitive effort
allows us to do other things
multitask
Happens out of awareness
Mediated by stimulus response

Question 6

Implicit Task

Answer 6

tasks for which we don’t have conscious awareness
(ex: looking at professor)
Procedural- subset of implicit, things that come automatically (riding a bike)

Question 7

Explicit Task

Answer 7

Conscious effort
declarative task is subset, something that is usually rooted in language, like remembering a list of words

Question 8

Learning- stimulus response

Answer 8

Stimulus-> response-> reward-> automati
Ex: Steak———> salivation

Question 9

Priming

Answer 9

the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.

Question 10

5 types of Attention acronym

Answer 10

Sam Fought Battles, Hailed Invincible

Question 11

5 types of attention

Answer 11

Sampling/Perception
Filtering/Gating
Binding
Holding
Indexing

Question 12

Sampling/Perception

Answer 12

Info picked up by eye (fovea), color perception happens in fovea, motion happens in peripheral.
- Scan environment to receive ‘data points’ about surroundings

Question 13

Filtering/Gating

Answer 13

Selection for/against what info is processed
uses facilitation, inhibition, gating (diffuse/focused attention)

Question 14

Filtering- Facilitation/Inhibition

Answer 14

Facilitation- selected FOR/enhanced
Inhibition- selected AGAINST/suppressed

Question 15

Gating- Diffuse/Focused attention

Answer 15

Diffuse- input from a large area processed quickly but prone to error
Focused- Input from small area, processed slower but more accurately

Question 16

Binding

Answer 16

Perceive parts as a whole– integrating information to build something whole

Question 17

Holding

Answer 17

maintaining attention - allows us to see an object as the same object with continuity even as it changes.
creating coherent structure necessary to perceive continuity over time- linked in space and across time, so as to refer to a single persisting object
- Uses Visual Short Term Memory (vSTM)

Question 18

Indexing

Answer 18

See things as individual/particular objects
can track about 4 items at a time (up to 8)

Question 19

Stroop Effect

Answer 19

color is coded through language, test with words that are in different colored font.
- shows peoples capacity for selective attention, and how stimuli can escape attentional control

Question 20

visual neglect

Answer 20

commonly caused by stroke and other unilateral brain injuries

Question 21

types of visual neglect

Answer 21

Unilateral spatial neglect: “lack of awareness of the side of space opposite to the brain hemisphere that is damaged.”

Perceptual neglect – ex: fail to comb their hair only on one side

Representational neglect - only being able to see one side of visual field in memory/imagination (exclusively visual mental images)

Question 22

automaticity

Answer 22

involuntarily or unconsciously act (reflex, innate process, engrained habit)

Question 23

Lange- emotional states

Answer 23

Caused by bodily sensations (happiness comes from smiling)

Question 24

William James- emotional states

Answer 24

set of basic emotions, each of these emotions has its own associated physical state (emotional measurement).

Question 25

impairments in attention- disorders

Answer 25

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Working Memory Deficit
Dementia
Frontal Lobe Impairments

Question 26

adhd- mechanisms of top down attentional control

Answer 26

ADHD children exhibit the same filtering as neurotypicals when demands are high, but are slower
and make more errors when the task demands are low.