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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is attachment?

A

a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver

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2
Q

an attachment is said to have formed when an infant shows…

A
  • DISTRESS when SEPARATED
  • PLEASURE when REUNITED
  • seeking PROXIMITY (to caregiver)
  • SECURE BASE behaviour
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3
Q

features of caregiver-infant interaction?

A
  • bodily contact
  • caregiverease (baby talk)
  • mimicking
  • reciprocity
  • interactional synchrony
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4
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

= when one person responds to the others signals

  • 2 way mutual process
  • responses NOT necessarily similar (eg. baby pointing, mum pointing)
  • involves paying close attention to each others actions
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5
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A

= mirroring, baby and caregiver perform same action simultaneously.

  • action performed by both at SAME TIME, SAME/ SIMILAR RESPONSES
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6
Q

the study to do with interactional synchrony…

A

MELTZOFF + MOORE 1977
- infants 2-3 weeks
- adults displayed 3 facial expressions
- infants responses filmed, identified by independent observers
- association found between expression displayed and baby’s action (baby responded mirroring)

MELTZOFF + MOORE 1983
- same study with infants 3 days
- same results = INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY INNATE

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7
Q

evaluation of research into CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS

A

:)
GOOD CONTROLS
- infant and caregivers filmed
- fine details can be analysed by multiple observers - good inter-rater reliability
- baby not aware of being filmed - behaviour wont change
STRENGTH AS INCREASES VALIDITY OF FINDINGS

:(
DIFFICULTIES RESEARCHING WITH BABIES
- behaviour affected by: time of day, tiredness, hunger, discomfort
- baby behaviour different in the presence of different caregivers
WEAKNESS AS REDUCES VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN

:(
CONTRADICTORY EVIDENCE
- oostenbrook 2016 conducted more thorough version of meltzoff and moor (11 facial expressions, babies tested 4 times)
- found no imitation/ mirroring
WEAKNESS SUGGEST CONCLUSION THAT BABY INNATELY IMITATE LACKS VALIDITY

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8
Q

the study to do with stages of attachment…

A

SCHAFFER + EMERSON 1964
- investigated how old infants were when they first became attached AND the individual differences in attachment.

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9
Q

Schaffer and Emersons SAMPLE

A

= 60 babies from GLASGOW, from WORKING-CLASS BACKGROUNDS

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10
Q

Schaffer and Emersons METHOD

A
  • longitudinal study, infants visited every month until 1 year and again at 18 months.
  • data collected through OBSERVATION + SELF REPORT
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11
Q

How was attachment measured in schaffer and Emersons study?

A

2 ways:

SEPARATION ANXIETY - 7 everyday situations eg. baby left in cot
STRANGER ANXIETY - response to unfamiliar adults observed.

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12
Q

findings:

A

50% of children showed first specific attachment by 7 months (SEPARATION ANXIETY)
by 9 months 80% showed SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT
29% showed MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS

STRANGER ANXIETY OCCURRED 1 MONTH LATER

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13
Q

list the stages of attachment

A

ASOCIAL STAGE - 0-6 weeks
INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT - 2-7 months
SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT - 7-10 months
MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS - 10+ months

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14
Q

evaluation points on STAGES OF ATTACHMENT

A

:)
GOOD CONTROLS
longitudinal design
(each month until 12 months, again at 18)
type of repeated measures to participant variable controlled
results have good validity
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ABOUT STAGES OF ATTACHMENT WILL ALSO HAVE GOOD VALIDITY

:)
GOOD ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
study took place in participants own homes, doing ordinary activities
babies would have natural behaviour
findings can be generalised
STRENGTH AS CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ABOUT STAGES OF ATTACHMENT ALSO HAVE GOOD VALIDITY

:(
LIMITED SAMPLE
babies from Glasgow, 1960s, middle class backgrounds
child rearing practices from one culture to another
findings lack generalisability to other cultures and classes and temporal validity
WEAKNESS AS CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ABOUT STAGES OF ATTACHMENT ALSO LACK VALIDITY

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15
Q

multiple attachments

A

by 9 months = 29% of children had multiple attachments

(same evaluation points)

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16
Q

role of the father
- research to show fathers UNLIKELY to be primary attachment figures

A

Schaffer and Emerson -

75% forming SECONDARY attachment to their father by 18 months

17
Q

why not?

A

biological factors
- female hormone oestrogen

social factors
- fathers are breadwinners
- its feminine to be sensitive

18
Q

research to show fathers CAN be primary attachment figures

A

park et al
- observed both fathers and mothers interacting with their newborn
- found no difference between
- fathers equally good at responding

19
Q

evaluation points on ROLE OF THE FATHER

A

:) ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Research suggesting fathers can be effective primary attachment figures has reduced pressure on mothers to stay home during the critical period
- shared parental leave 2014 introduced
STRENGTH AS SHOWS RESEARCH INTO ROLE OF THE FATHER HAS BENEFITTED FAMILIES AND ECONOMIES ]

:( PROBLEMS CARRYING PUT OBJECTIVE RESEARCH
- social bias and stereotypes cause unintentional observer bias
WEAKNESS AS REDUCES VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ABOUT ROLE OF THE FATHER

:( PROBLEMS GENERALISING RESULTS OF RESEARCH
most research done in western countries - different in different countries
lacks temporal validity, these days more fathers stay home more mothers go to work
WEAKNESS AS CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM RESEARCH ALSO LACKS GENERALISABILITY

20
Q

animal studies

what were Lorenz animals?

A

geese

21
Q

what’s it called when birds follow the first moving object they see after birth?

A

IMPRINTING = the innate tendency of young to follow the first moving object they see LONG-LASTING

22
Q

lorenz study 1935 METHOD

A
  • randomly divided clutch of goose eggs
  • half hatched with mother goose in natural habitat (control group)
  • half hatched in an incubator, lorenz being the first moving object they saw
  • to see effect, lorenz marked his geese then put all geese together, observing their behaviours with both lorenz and mother goose present.
23
Q

Lorenz study 1935 FINDINGS

A

control group followed mother goose
experimental group followed lorenz

24
Q

lorenz identified a critical…

A

…period - in which imprinting must take place, If it doesn’t, the young will not be attached to the mother

25
Q

Lorenz also found early imprinting had an effect on later mating preferences because…

A

animals all mate with the same species in which they were imprinted on

26
Q

evaluation on Lorenz

A

:) RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR IMPRINTING
- guiton 1966 found chicks fed by rubber gloves in their first few weeks became imprinted
- later attempted to mate with them
STRENGTH AS SUPPORTS LORENZ FINDINGS, SUGGESTING THEY ARE VALID

:) REAL LIFE APPLICATION
migratory birds being imprinted by aircraft, introducing them to areas where they were previously extinct
- eg. whooping cranes in North America
STRENGTH AS EVIDENCE OF IMPRINTING IN REAL LIFE SUGGESTS EXPLANATION IS VALID

:( PROBLEMS GENERALISING FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS
more conscious decisions made in humans
findings from lorenz don’t show complexity of interactional synchrony or reciprocity\
WEAKNESS AS MEANS FINDINGS FROM ANIMAL RESEARCH LACK GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS

27
Q

HARLOWS MONKEYS

how many procedures and explain them

A

2

  1. condition 1
    wire mother had milk
    cloth mother had no milk

condition 2
wire mother no milk
cloth mother had milk

up to 22 hours a day spent with cloth mother
- CONTACT COMFORT

  1. condition 1
    normal mother

condition 2
cloth mother

recorded 3,6,9,12 months
monkeys reared by cloth mothers for over 90 days had trouble mating, more shy
less than 90 days - effects could be reversed

28
Q

evaluation of animal studies HARLOWS MONKEYS

A

:) REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS
Harlows research has benefitted psychologists to understand importance of emotional care
STRENGTH AS SUGGESTS FINDINGS VALID

:) GOOD CONTROLS
iv (mother) easily manipulated
in a lab
STRENGTH AS CONCLUSIONS HAVE GOOD VALIDITY

:( UNETHICAL
research caused psychological harm to some of the moneys
WEAKNESS AS BRINGS PSYCHOLOGY INTO DISPUTE

:( PROBLEMS GENERALISING
monkeys different to humans, human behaviour more governed by concious decisions
doesn’t show complex factors like reciprocity and interactional synchrony
WEAKNESS AS MEANS RESULTS CANNOT BE GENERALISED TO HUMANS

29
Q

EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT

bowlbys evolutionary theory, aka..

A

bowlbys monotropic theory

30
Q

list and explain the key concepts in the theory

A

MONOTROPIC HYPOTHESIS - the idea infants have an innate tendency to form one strong emotional bond with a caregiver (USUALLY MUM) before forming multiple others

INTERNAL WORKING MODEL - a mental model of the world based on an infants primary attachment - template for future relationships

CONTINUITY HYPOTHESIS - the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure adults

SOCIAL RELEASERS - behaviours that elicit caregiving

CRITICAL PERIOD - biologically determined period of time within which an attachment bond must be formed (before 2.5 years)
- MODIFIED TO SENSITIVE PERIOD AS TOO FIXED

31
Q

evaluation points of BOWLBYS MONOTROPIC THEORY

A

:) SUPPORT FOR THE ROLE OF SOCIAL RELEASERS
BRAZLETON 1975
- found when primary attachment figures ignore their baby’s they get upset and if ignored anymore, baby curl up and lie motionless
STRENGTH AS RESEARCH SUPPORT SUGGESTS BOWLBYS THOERY IS VALID

:( COUNTER EVIDENCE TO MONOTROPHY
chaffer and Emerson found by 9 months 29% had multiple attachments
WEAKNESS AS SUGGESTS BOWLBYS THEORY IS INVALID

:( AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION
research to show some babies are just innately more anxious than others
WEAKNESS AS CRITICISES BOWLBYS EMPHASIS ON IMPORTANCE OF CHILDS EALRY LIFE IN DEVELOPMENT, SUGGESTING IT LACKS VALIDITY

32
Q

AINSWORTHS STRANGE SITUATION 1978

purpose?

A

to assess the quality of an infants attachment to a caregiver

33
Q

sample?

A

106 middle class infants from use 9-18 months old
data from several studies combined

34
Q

procedure?

A

8 stages totalling 20 mins
data collected by filming or one way mirrors every 15 seconds behaviour observed and given an intensity rating on 1-7

35
Q

findings?

A

3 types of attachment found

INSECURE AVOIDANT - 15%
anxiety low

SECURE ATTACHMENT - 70%
anxiety moderate

INSECURE RESISTANT
anxiety high

Psychology (7 decks)

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