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Case 4: Infective Endocarditis > Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of atherosclerosis

A

Slow progressive disease as result of a chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury

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2
Q

Which arteries does atherosclerosis affect

A

Medium & large arteries

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3
Q

3 types of arteriosclerosis

A
  1. Hyaline: smaller blood vessels with onion appearance due to systemic HPT
  2. Hyperplastic: due to malignant hypertension
  3. Monckebergs medial sclerosis: dystrophic calcification in media of medium/large arteries
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4
Q

Modifiable and non modifiable major risk factors of atherosclerosis 5 each

A

Modifiable:
Hypertension
Hypercholesteremia
Diabetes type 2
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Non modifiable:
Age 40-60 years
Genetic factors
Male
Family history
Diabetes type 1

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5
Q

Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis/response to tissue injury hypothesis

A
  1. Endothelial injury due to hypertension, smoking & hyperlipidaemia
  2. Endothelial dysfunction like increase permeability, cytokines release & monocyte adhesion & emigration
  3. Smooth muscle move & proliferate from media to intima
  4. Macrophages activated & macrophages & smooth muscles cells engulf fat
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6
Q

3 components of plaque

A
  1. Cells: smooth muscle, macrophages & lymphocytes
  2. ECM: collagen & elastin
  3. Intra- & extracellular lipids
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7
Q

Difference between stable & vulnerable plaque

A

Stable: dense fibrous capsule with endothelial cells cover with minimal fat accumulation & little inflammation
Vulnerable: thin capsule with large lipid core & dense inflammation

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8
Q

5 commonly involved vessel with atherosclerosis

A

ACPIV
Abdominal aorta
Corona arteries
Popliteal arteries
Internal carotid
Vessels of circle of Willis

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9
Q

What is 3 consequences of atherosclerosis

A

Aneurysm & rupture
Occlusion by thrombus
Critical stenosis

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10
Q

What is 4 clinical effect of atherosclerosis

A

Aneurysm
IHD
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease

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11
Q

What is the characteristic of atherosclerotic plaques

A

Raised intimal lesions- atheroma or atherosclerotic plaque with main component cholesterol

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12
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening & hardening of arteries or arterioles

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13
Q

What is 4 minor risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

CRP levels
Sedentary lifestyle/metabolic syndrome
Raised lipoprotein a
Hyperhomocystinaemia

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14
Q

What is the 2 pathologies associated with aneurysm

A

Fatty streak
Atherosclerotic plaque

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Case 4: Infective Endocarditis (10 decks)

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