APUSH Unit 2 Details I Flashcards
What were England’s first attempts to colonize in the New World?
In the 1580s, Newfoundland and Maine were privately organized and poorly funded attempts.
What was England’s failed attempt to colonize the New World and who led it?
Sir Walter Raleigh’s 3 expeditions to North Carolina failed as 117 settlers on Roanoke Island vanished.
What led to the founding of Jamestown in 1607?
In 1606, King James I granted the Virginia Company land from present-day North Carolina to southern New York.
Who was sent to Jamestown in 1607 and what were their goals?
In 1607, the Virginia Company sent an all-male group to establish Jamestown, hoping to find gold and trade with Native Americans.
What challenges did the settlers of Jamestown first face?
They settled on a swampy peninsula, lacked access to fresh water, refused to plant crops, and experienced high death rates from disease and famine.
How many settlers of Jamestown survived after 9 months?
Out of 120 settlers, only 38 survived the first nine months.
Who was Powhatan?
The chief of 30 tribal chiefdoms traded corn with the English, to which he expected hatchets, bells, beads, copper.
Who did Powhatan arrange marriage between and how did that affect relations with English settlers?
His daughter, Pocahontas, and English settler John Rolfe. Tensions grew over who would pay tribute to whom, leading to bad relations and warfare.
Who introduced tobacco into the Jamestown colony?
John Rolfe introduced a West Indian strain of tobacco that thrived in Virginia and fetched high prices in England.
How did tobacco transform the Jamestown colony?
This became the Jamestown’s cash crop, spurring population growth/migration and economic growth. Land expansion onto Native lands became crucial to its cultivation.
Why did the cultivation of tobacco soon receive the support of King James I?
Taxes on the crop benefited the royal treasury.
How did the Virginia Company promote migration, and what government structure was established?
The Virginia Company granted 100 acres to freemen and to those who imported servants, as well as recruiting young women to be wives for the colonists. The company also established the House of Burgesses.
About how many settlers arrived in Jamestown by 1622?
About 4,500 settlers had arrived.
What led to the Indian War of 1622 and who led the Native American resistance?
Opechancanough led the resistance because he opposed the English since 1607 and resisted their attempts to Christianize Indian children. Upon becoming chief in 1621, he planned to drive out the settlers by telling other tribes they’d be gone soon.
What happened during the Indian assault led by Opechancanough in 1622?
Opechancanough planned a surprise attack by 12 Native chiefdoms, killing 347 English settlers. In response, the English seized Native lands and food supplies and sold captured warriors into slavery.
What were the consequences of the Indian War of 1622 for the Virginia colony?
King James I revoked the Virginia Company’s charter in 1624 and Virginia became a royal colony.
Who founded Maryland and why?
In 1632, King Charles I, granted land to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who supported the private practicing of one’s own faith. Maryland became a refuge for Catholics facing persecution in England. In 1634, St. Mary’s City was established by Catholics and Protestants.
What challenges did Lord Baltimore face in Maryland, and how did he respond?
Settlers of Maryland wanted more power like making laws, to which Lord Baltimore agreed to a representative assembly and passed the Toleration Act of 1649 to allow all Christians to freely follow their beliefs and church services due to conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants.
How did Maryland’s economy develop, and how did it compare to Virginia?
Like Virginia, Maryland’s economy centered around tobacco farming which sparked population growth, despite religious differences between Catholics and Protestants. Land grants and the importation of artisans helped Maryland grow rapidly.
How did the English and French settle in the Caribbean?
In 1624, Sir Thomas Warner led a small English group to settle on St. Kitts. He allowed the French to settle on the other side of the island to help defend against the Spanish. Both groups drove out the native Caribs, survived a Spanish attack, and created shared laws to live together on the island.
What other colonies were founded in the Caribbean after St. Kitts?
The French settled on islands like Martinique and Guadeloupe, while the English founded Nevis, Antigua, and Barbados. In 1655, England captured Jamaica from Spain.
What cash crops were grown in the Caribbean, and how did sugar change things?
Tobacco, indigo, and cotton were grown, but by the 1640s, many islands (like Barbados, Jamaica, and Martinique) shifted to growing sugar, inspired by Brazil.
How did plantations begin and evolve in North America and the Caribbean?
Plantations started as freeholds, but soon, large planters bought more land (using the headright system) and brought in indentured servants and slaves to maximize production.
What role did tobacco play in the growth of plantations?
It created an economic boom in the Chesapeake from 1640 to 1660. Exports rose from 3 to 10 million pounds. Wealthy migrants, often from England’s gentry, established large estates and used indentured servants and enslaved Africans for labor.
How did sugar impact plantations in Barbados?
The price of land increased, leading to wealthier estates producing sugar. Sugar became highly valuable and profitable which contributed to harsh conditions for workers and the rise of large-scale slavery.
What were living conditions like in plantation colonies?
Mothers died from diseases like malaria, leading to orphaned children and unmarried men. In the Caribbean, yellow fever epidemics were common. In Barbados, burials outnumbered baptisms 4 to 1.
How were indentured servants treated by their masters?
Masters exploited indentured servants by making them work long hours, beating them, and withholding permission to marry. If servants ran away or became pregnant, their service term was often extended. Female servants were especially vulnerable to abuse by male masters.
What were the outcomes for indentured servants in the Chesapeake?
Half the men died before finishing their contracts, and only 1/4 achieved their goal of owning land. Female servants fared slightly better as planters sought wives and married them.
How did the shift to African slave labor differ from indentured servitude in the Caribbean?
African slave labor was more brutal and large-scale. By 1690, blacks outnumbered whites in Barbados 3 to 1, leading to harsh control measures by white slave owners.
When did the first slave legislation in Barbados come into effect, and what was it called?
The “Act for the better ordering and governing of Negroes” was adopted in 1661 in Barbados.
How did the status of African laborers in the Chesapeake colonies change over time?
Initially, some Africans in the Chesapeake could escape bondage through Christian baptism or legal action. By the 1660s, stricter racial laws made slavery more permanent.
What were the legal changes in Virginia that affected African laborers in the 1670s?
The Virginia House of Burgesses banned Africans from owning guns, joining the militia, or owning English servants.
