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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillin G or V class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta lactam
Natural penicillin

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2
Q

Penicillin G or V spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Wimpy Gram Negs
Streptococcus

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3
Q

Ampicillin class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta lactam
Aminopenicillin

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4
Q

Amoxicillin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Wimpy Gram Negs
Some enteric Gram Negs
Strep +/- Enterococcus

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5
Q

Ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbincillin class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta lactam
Anti-Pseudomonal penicillin

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6
Q

Ampicillin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Wimpy Gram Negs
Some enteric Gram Negs
Strep +/- Enterococcus

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7
Q

Sulbactum + ampicillin class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Beta lactam + beta-lactamase inhibitors

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8
Q

Cloxacillin spectrum?

A

Staphylococcus

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9
Q

Cefoxitin, cefaclor class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

2nd generation cephalosporin

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10
Q

Ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbincillin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Pseudomonas
Resistant Gram neg bacteria
Strep +/- enterococcus

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11
Q

Imipenem class?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

Beta lactam - not used in veterinary medicine

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12
Q

Clavulanate + amoxicllin/ticarcillin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Strep + Staph
Wimpy Gram negs

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13
Q

Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline class?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Tetracyclines

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14
Q

Sulbactum + ampicillin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Strep + Staph
Wimpy Gram negs

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15
Q

Chloramphenicol, florfenicol class?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Amphenicols

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16
Q

Cefalexin, cefazolin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes
Strep + Staph
Wimpy Gram negs
Some enteric gram negs

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17
Q

Lincomycin, clindamycin class?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Lincosamides

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18
Q

Cefoxitin, cefaclor spectrum?

A

Wimpy Gram negs

Enteric Gram negs

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19
Q

Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin class?

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Fluoroquinolones

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20
Q

Ceftiofur, cefpodoxime, cefovecin spectrum?

A

All Gram negs

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21
Q

Metronidazole class?

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

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22
Q

Imipenem spectrum?

A

All four quadrants

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23
Q

Vancomycin spectrum?

A

All Gram Pos cocci

Many resistant infections

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24
Q

Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline spectrum?

A

Strep
Wimpy Gram negs
Unusual bacteria: rickettsia, neorickettsia, anaplasma, mycoplasma

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25
Q

Gentamicin, amikacin spectrum?

A 
Aerobic gram negatives 
Pseudomonas
Enteric gram negs
Strep and staph 
Enterococcus if combined with penicillins
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26
Q

Chloramphenicol, florfenical spectrum?

A

Strep

Wimpy gram negs

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27
Q

Erythromycin, tylosin, azithromycin spectrum?

A

Strep +/- Staph

Wimpy Gram negs

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28
Q

Lincomycin, clindamycin spectrum?

A

Anaerobes

Strep +/- Staph

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29
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine spectrum?

A 
Wimpy Gram negs
Strep
Some anaerobes
Nocardia
Urinary tract infections
Infection of privileged sites
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30
Q

Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin spectrum?

A

Staph +/- Strep and enterococcus

All Gram neg (wimpy, enteric, pseudomonas)

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31
Q

Rifampin spectrum?

A

Gram + aerobes

Some anaerobes

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32
Q

Metronidazole spectrum?

A

Anaerobes

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33
Q

Metronidazole spectrum?

A

Anaerobes

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34
Q

Bacteria that are obligate anaerobes

A

Clostridium
Peptostreptococcus
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium

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35
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine class?

A

Metabolism inhibitors

Sulfonamides + Folate reduction inhibitor (potentiated sulfa)

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36
Q

Bacteria that are wimpy Gram neg

A

Bordetella
Pasteurella
Mannhemia

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37
Q

Bacteria that are enteric Gram neg

A 
E. coli
Klebsiella 
Proteus 
Enterobacter
Salmonella
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38
Q

Bacteria that are enteric Gram neg

A 
E. coli
Klebsiella 
Proteus 
Enterobacter
Salmonella
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39
Q

What are the targets of beta lactams?

A

Cell wall peptidoglycans, transpeptidase specifically.

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40
Q

Mechanism of resistance for beta lactams?

A

Inactivation of drug (beta-lactamases)
Altered target (transpeptidase)
Failure to reach target (altered porin size)

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41
Q

Mechanism of resistance for beta lactams?

A

Inactivation of drug (beta-lactamases)
Altered target (transpeptidase)
Failure to reach target (altered porin size)

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42
Q

Abx for anaerobic infections?

A

Penicillins
Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol
Metronidazole

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43
Q

Abx for Staphylococcal infections?

A

Clavamox
1st gen cephalosporins
(Maybe - anti-staph penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, 3rd gen cephalosporins)

44
Q

Abx for enterococcal infections?

A

Beta lactates
Aminoglycosides
(Maybe - vancomycin)

45
Q

Abx for streptococcal infections?

A

Natural penicillins
Macrolide’s
Potentiated sulfas

46
Q

Abx for streptococcal infections?

A 
Natural penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Macrolide's
Potentiated sulfas
Lincosamides 
(Maybe - 1st gen cephalosporins)
47
Q

Abx for Wimpy Gram neg infections?

A 
Aminopenicillins
Lincosamides
Potentiated sulfas
Macrolide's
Tetracyclines
48
Q

Abx for enteric gram neg or pseudomonas infections?

A

Fluroquinolones
2nd gen or 3rd gen cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Antipseudomonal penicillins

49
Q

Penicillin G, Penicillin V negative attributes?

A

GI upset
Allergy
Acid-labile (cannot give orally)
Must combine with Na or K salts to be water soluble

50
Q

Penicillin G, Penicillin V clinical uses?

A

Septic foals

Cattle

51
Q

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin negative attributes?

A

GI upset
Allergy
Low oral bioavailability in cattle and horses

52
Q

Abx for Nocardia?

A

Potentiated sulfas (double dose)

53
Q

Cloxacillin negative attributes?

A

GI upset

Allergy

54
Q

Cloxacillin clinical uses?

A

Mastitis in cattle

55
Q

Ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin negative attributes?

A

GI upset

Allergy

56
Q

Ticarcillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin clinical uses?

A

Used for resistant infections in small animals

Metritis in mares

57
Q

Clavulanate + amoxicilin/ticarcillin negative attributes?

A

GI upset
Allergy
Short shelf life (forms polymers)

58
Q

Clavulanate + amoxicillin/ticarcillin clinical uses?

A

Pretty much everything in dogs and cats

59
Q

Cefalexin, Cefazolin negative attributes?

A

Short half life

60
Q

Ceftiofur, cefpodoxime, cefovecin negative attributes?

A

Ceftiofur, cefpodoxime - short half life

61
Q

Cefalexin, Cefazolin, cephapirin clinical uses?

A

Cefalexin: pyoderma in dogs and cats
Cefazolin: IV for orthopedic surgeries
Cephapirin: intramammary infusion for mastitis

62
Q

Cefoxitin, Cefaclor clinical uses?

A

Cefoxitin: prophylactic treatment for abdominal surgeries in referral hospitals

63
Q

Ceftiofur, cefopodoxime, cefovecin clinical uses?

A

Cetiofur - respiratory infections in horses and cattle

Cefovecin - long half life so can use in animals that can’t be medicated frequently

64
Q

Ceftiofur, cefopodoxime, cefovecin clinical uses?

A

Cetiofur - respiratory infections in horses and cattle
Cefovecin - long half life so can use in animals that can’t be medicated frequently for soft tissue infection.
Cefopodoxime - pyoderma in dogs and cats

65
Q

Abx for Rickettsia and Anaplasma?

A

Tetracyclines

66
Q

Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline negative attributes?

A 
GI upset
Allergy 
Teeth staining
IV doxycycline is fatal in horses
Fever
Renal toxicity 
Liver toxicity 
Esophageal stricture/fibrosis in cats
67
Q

Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline clinical uses?

A

Oxytetracycline: respiratory disease, anaplasmosis, and mastitis in cattle, neorickettsia in horses.
Doxycycline: respiratory infection and ehrlicia, rickettsia, and mycoplasma in dogs and cats.

68
Q

Gentamicin, amikacin negative attributes?

A

Nephrotoxicity (do not give with NSAIDs or in dehydrated animal)
Ototoxicity (don’t use in service animals)
Neuromuscular blockade (don’t use with atricurium or muscle relaxants)
Not absorbed orally
Long withdrawal time for food animals

69
Q

Gentamicin, amikacin clinical uses?

A

Gentamin: enteric gram negatives in adult horses or regional limb perfusions.
Amikacin: septic foals, aerobic gram neg infection in dogs and cats.

70
Q

Chloramphenicol, florfenicol negative attributes?

A

Bone marrow damage - aplastic animal
NEVER use chloramphenicol in food animals
Florfenicol - diarrhea in horses

71
Q

Chloramphenicol, florfenicol clinical uses?

A

Chloramphenicol: CMS infections in small animals.
Florfenicol: Cattle respiratory disease or footrot, R. equi in foals.

72
Q

Erythromycin, tylosin, azithromycin negative attributes?

A

Hyperthermia in foals
Severe colitis/diarrhea in horses
Tilmicosin: fatal CV collapse in high doses IV

73
Q

Erythromycin, tylosin, azithromycin clinical uses?

A

Respiratory infections

74
Q

Lincomycin, clindamycin negative attributes?

A

Cannot use in horses (predisposes to C.dificile)

75
Q

Lincomycin, clindamycin clinical uses?

A

Oral cavity infections

Toxoplasmosis in cats

76
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine negative attributes?

A

Hypersensitivity in Doberman Pinschers (liver, skin, renal, and polyarthritis effects)
Keratoconjunctivitis sick (lacrimal gland destruction)
Most common tissue violation in dairy cattle

77
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine clinical uses?

A

Infections in privileged sites - CNS, prostate, synovial tissue, urine.
Horses: respiratory infections
Cattle: Coccidiosis, enteritis, pneumonia, pododermatitis

78
Q

Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin negative attributes?

A 
Direct cartilage toxicity
Retinopathy
CNS - photosensitivity 
Chelated by divalent/trivalent cations
Inhibit CYP enzymes
Ciprofloxacin may cause urinary calculi
79
Q

Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin clinical uses?

A

Cattle: shipping fever

80
Q

Rifampin negative attributes?

A

Resistance is acquired extremely rapidly!
Liver toxicity
Red-orange urine

81
Q

Rifampin clinical uses?

A 
R.equi when combined with macrocodes
Staph infections (esp MRSA) in dogs
82
Q

Metronidazole negative attributes?

A

Vestibular toxicity
Hyposmia (don’t use in scenting dogs)
Bitter taste
Illegal in food animals

83
Q

Metronidazole clinical uses?

A

Diarrhea

Other anaerobic infections

84
Q

Rifampin mechanism of resistance?

A

Altered target

85
Q

Classes of antibiotics that are bactericidal?

A 
Beta-lactams 
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Rifampin
Metronidazole 
Potentiated sulfas
86
Q

Classes of antibiotics that are bacteriostatic?

A 
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Amphenicols
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides (alone) 
Folate Reduction inhibitors (alone)
87
Q

Drugs that are Natural Penicillins?

A

Penicillin G or V

88
Q

Drugs that are Aminopenicillins?

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

89
Q

Drugs that are Antistaph penicillins?

A

Cloxacillin

90
Q

Drugs that are penicillins combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors?

A

Clavulanate + Amoxicillin/Ticarcillin

Sulbactum + Ampicillin

91
Q

Classes of drugs that are beta lactams?

A

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

92
Q

Classes of drugs that are Cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

Beta lactates

Glycopeptides

93
Q

Drugs that are 1st gen cephalosporins?

A

Cefalexin
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin

94
Q

Drugs that are 2nd gen cephalosporins?

A

Cefoxitin

Cefaclor

95
Q

Drugs that are 3rd gen cephalosporins?

A

Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Cefovecin

96
Q

Classes that are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A 
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Amphenicols
Macrolides
Lincosamides
97
Q

Classes that are metabolism inhibitors?

A

Potentiated sulfas

98
Q

Classes that are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?

A

Fluoroquinolones
Rifampin
Metronidazole

99
Q

Drugs that are anti-pseudomonal penicillins?

A

Ticaricllin
Piperacillin
Carbenicillin

100
Q

Drugs that are tetracyclines?

A

Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline

101
Q

Drugs that are aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin
Amikacin
Ophthalmic: neomycin, tobramycin

102
Q

Drugs that are amphenicols?

A

Chloramphenicol, florfenicol, thiamphenicol

103
Q

Drugs that are macrolides?

A 
Erythromycin
Tylosin
Azithromycin
Tilmicosin
Tulathromycin
104
Q

Drugs that are lincosamides?

A

Lincomycin

Clindamycin

105
Q

Drugs that are potentiated sulfas?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine

106
Q

Drugs that are fluroquinolones?

A 
Enrofloxacin
Orbifloxacin
Difloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Pradofloxacin (cats only)

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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