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BVM&S > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

The study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Define microscopic anatomy

A

The study of structures and details invisible to the naked eye

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3
Q

Define morbid anatomy

A

The study of a diseased animal or an animal with abnormally functioning organs

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4
Q

Define embryology

A

The development from zygote to birth

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5
Q

Define developmental anatomy

A

The development from conception through birth, youth, maturity and old age

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6
Q

Define teratology

A

The study of abnormal development

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7
Q

Define systemic anatomy

A

The study of structures that make up a body system

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8
Q

Define topography

A

The study of the form and relationships of all organs present in particular regions of the body

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9
Q

Define cranial

A

Structures which lie towards the head

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10
Q

Define caudal

A

Structures which lie towards the tail

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11
Q

Define rostral

A

Within the head, structures which lie towards the nostrils

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12
Q

Define dorsal

A

Structures which lie towards the back

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13
Q

Define ventral

A

Structures which lie towards the belly (ventre)

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14
Q

Define medial

A

Towards the midline

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15
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from the midline, towards the side

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16
Q

Define proximal

A

Structures which lie towards the body

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17
Q

Define distal

A

Structures which lie away from the body

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18
Q

Define palmar

A

Structures which lie towards the rear of the distal forelimb

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19
Q

Define plantar

A

Structures which lie towards the rear of the distal hind limb

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20
Q

Define median plane

A

Line dividing the body into 2 symmetrical right & left halves

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21
Q

Define sagittal plane

A

Any line parallel to the median plane

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22
Q

Define para median

A

Close to the median plane (used to describe location of organs)

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23
Q

Define dorsal plane

A

Running parallel to the dorsal surface

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24
Q

Define transverse plane

A

A line that transects the head, trunk or limb perpendicular to its own long axis

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25
Q

Ovine

A

Moutons

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26
Q

What is the origin of a muscle ?

A

Its attachment to its relatively fixed end (usually the proximal end).

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27
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle ?

A

Its attachment to its relatively mobile end (usually the distal end).

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28
Q

Define synergist muscles.

A

Muscles that work together in the same action.

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29
Q

Define antagonist muscles.

A

Muscles that work together in opposite actions.

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30
Q

Define true ribs

A

Ribs whose cartilage attaches to the sternum.

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31
Q

Define false ribs

A

Ribs whose cartilage attaches to the cartilage of ribs cranial to them NOT to the sternum.

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32
Q

Define floating ribs

A

A type of false ribs whose cartilage doesn’t attach to adjacent cartilage.

33
Q

What does the axial skeleton contain ?

A

Head, vertebral column, sternum & ribs.

34
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain ?

A

Thoracic & pelvic limbs

35
Q

Define splanchnic bones

A

Bones that are not attached to the main skeleton, like os penis in dogs.

36
Q

In relation to serous membranes, define visceral & parietal.

A

Visceral : serous membrane lining organ.
Parietal : serous membrane lining body wall.

37
Q

What is the serous membrane in the thoracic cavity ?

A

Pleura

38
Q

What is the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity ?

A

Peritoneum

39
Q

What is the serous membrane of the heart & what makes it special ?

A

Pericardium, it’s double layered.

40
Q

State the vertebrae type in order starting from head, giving the number of vertebrae for each type in the dog.

A

Cervical: 1-7
Thoracic : 1-13
Lumbar : 1-7
Sacral : 1-3 (fused into 1)
Coccygeal : 1-20 (varies amongst breeds)

41
Q

Define prognathia

A

Mandible is longer than face

42
Q

Define brachygnathia

A

Mandible is shorter than face

43
Q

Define brachycephalic

A

Short-nosed

44
Q

Define dolichocephalic

A

Long-nosed

45
Q

Define mesaticephalic

A

In between dolicho & brachy

46
Q

State the salivary glands & ducts

A
  • Parotid salivary gland
  • Mandibular salivary gland
  • Maxilliary salivary duct
  • Parotid salivary duct
47
Q

State the superficial lymph nodes & whether they are palpable.

A
  • Parotid lymph node, not always palpable
  • Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node, palpable
  • Mandibular lymph nodes, not palpable
  • Facial lymph node
48
Q

State the cranial nerve numbers and their names

A

CNI: olfactory
CNII: optic
CNIII: oculomotor
CNIV: trochlear
CNV: trigeminal
CNVI: abducens
CNVII: facial
CNVIII: vestibulocochlear
CNIX: glossopharyngeal
CNX: vagus
CNXI: accessory
CNXII: hypoglossal

49
Q

State the name of CNI and its function

A

Olfactory, for smell

50
Q

State the name of CNII and its function

A

Optic, for vision

51
Q

State the name of CNIII and its function

A

Oculomotor, for eye movement and in the peripheral nervous system for pupillary constriction

52
Q

State the name of CNIV and its function

A

Trochlear, for eye movement

53
Q

State the name of CNV and its function

A

Trigeminal, for facial sensation and innervation of the muscles of mastication

54
Q

State the name of CNVI and its function

A

Abducens, for eye movement and eyeball retraction.

55
Q

State the name of CNVII and its function

A

Facial, controls muscles of facial expression + has some effect on peripheral nervous system

56
Q

State the name of CNVIII and its function.

A

Vestibulocochlear, hearing and balance

57
Q

State the name of CNIX and its function.

A

Glossopharyngeal, taste & swallowing

58
Q

State the name of CNX and its function.

A

Vagus, for laryngeal muscles + parasympathetic

59
Q

State the name of CNXI and its function.

A

Accessory, innervates the trapezius/sternocephalicus

60
Q

State the name of CNXII and its function.

A

Hypoglossal, for tongue movement

61
Q

Define limb.

A

A projecting paired appendage of an animal body mainly used for movement, grasping, etc.

62
Q

What is the action of a muscle ?

A

The movement produced by a muscle at a joint or whole structure

63
Q

How is the forelimb attached to the trunk ?

A

By synsarcosis of extrinsic muscles.

64
Q

Which muscles form the synsarcosis for attachement of the forelimb to trunk ?

A

Trapezius m., rhomboideus m., pectoralis m., serratus ventralis m.

65
Q

Why do dogs and cats have some supination in the forelimb ?

A

They have ligaments in the interosseous space between the radius and ulna

66
Q

What is the point of the shoulder and point of elbow ?

A

Point of shoulder = greater tubercle of humerus
Point of elbow = olecranon of ulna

67
Q

How many carpal bones are there ?

A

7 bones in 2 rows

68
Q

How many metacarpal bones are there ?

A

5

69
Q

How many phalanges per digit and for the dew claw ?

A

3, P1 is most proximal and P3 is most distal.
Dew claw only has proximal & distal phalanges.

70
Q

What kind of joint is the scapulohumeral joint and what movements does it allow ?

A

Shallow ball and socket synovial joint
- movement in sagittal plane, abduction, addiction, rotation and circumduction

71
Q

What prevents dislocation of the shoulder joint ?

A

Thickenings in the joint capsule that act as lateral & medial glenohumeral ligaments since it doesn’t have lateral and medial collateral ligaments

72
Q

Define retinaculum

A

A band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place

73
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint and what movement does it allow ?

A

It’s a synovial hinge joint with a single capsule. Only allows for flexion & extension due to hinge joint + strong collateral ligaments

74
Q

State the 3 articulations of the elbow joint

A

Humeroradial, humeroulnar, proximal radioulnar

75
Q

What are the 3 levels of articulation of the carpus and which has its own joint capsule ?

A
  • Antebrachiocarpal & distal radioulnar joint —> 1 joint capsule
  • Middle carpal joint & carpometacarpal joint —> share joint capsule
76
Q

State the ligaments in the carpus and their roles

A
  • Weak medial & lateral collateral ligaments allow for abduction & adduction
  • Strong palmar ligament /fibrocartilage provides a smooth surface for tendons
  • Flexor retinaculum form the carpal canal from the accessory carpal bone to the medial aspect of the carpus.
77
Q

State the joints of the digits and where they start/end.

A
  • Metacarpophalangeal joint: from metacarpals to P1
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint: P1 to P2
  • Distal interphalangeal joint: P2-P3
78
Q

State the different sesamoid bones & where they are located

A
  • Proximal sesamoid bone (dorsal aspect of metacarpophalangeal joint)
  • Paired proximal sesamoid bones (palmar aspect of metacarpophalangeal joint)
  • Distal sesamoid bone (palmar aspect of distal interphalangeal joint)

BVM&S (10 decks)

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