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Winter Term 2024 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

Covers Anatomical Terms, The Integumentary System, and Anatomy of the Skeletal System (so far)

1
Q

Approaching Topic 1: Anatomical Terms

A

yippee!

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2
Q

What is the superior (cranial) direction?

A

Towards the head end or upper part of the structure or the body; above; toes n up

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3
Q

What is the inferior (caudal) direction?

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below; head n down

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4
Q

What is the anterior (ventral) direction?

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of; back n side up

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5
Q

What is the posterior (dorsal) direction?

A

Toward or at the back of the body; behind; chest n side down

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6
Q

What is the medial direction?

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of; arrows squeezing into middle; (mid)ial

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7
Q

What is the lateral direction?

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side; arrows pulling middle; later(al)

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8
Q

What is the intermediate direction?

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure; the line where you split one side of the midline in half; (intermed)iate

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9
Q

What is the proximal direction?

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk; *

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10
Q

What is the distal direction?

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk; *

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11
Q

What is the superficial (external) direction?

A

Toward or at the body surface; lining of the body

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12
Q

What is the deep (internal) direction?

A

Away from the body surface; more internal; anything past the body’s lining

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13
Q

The head is _______ to the abdomen.

A

superior

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14
Q

The navel is _______ to the chin.

A

inferior

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15
Q

The breastbone is _______ to the spine.

A

anterior

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16
Q

The heart is _______ to the breastbone.

A

posterior

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17
Q

The heart is _______ to the arm.

A

medial

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18
Q

The arms are _______ to the chest.

A

lateral

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19
Q

The collarbone is _______ between the breastbone and the shoulder.

A

intermediate

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20
Q

The elbow is _______ to the wrist.

A

proximal

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21
Q

The knee is _______ to the thigh.

A

distal

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22
Q

The skin is _______ to the skeletal muscles.

A

superficial

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23
Q

The lungs are _______ to the skin.

A

deep

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24
Q

The thigh is _______ to the foot.

A

proximal

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25
Q

The eyes are _______ to the nose.

A

lateral

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26
Q

The vertebral column is _______ to the esophagus.

A

inferior

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27
Q

The thumb is _______ to the pinkie.

A

lateral

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28
Q

What are the 2 fundamental divisions of the body?

A

Axial part and Appendicular part

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29
Q

The axial part refers to the _______ of the body.

A

head, neck, & trunk

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30
Q

The appendicular part refers to the _______ part of the body.

A

appendages or limbs attached to axis

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31
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts (not halves)

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32
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts, also called a coronal plane

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33
Q

What is the transverse (or horizontal) plane?

A

A horizontal plane from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts, also called a cross-section

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34
Q

What is an oblique section?

A

A plane dividing the body between the horizontal and vertical planes, rarely used

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35
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

All other sagittal planes that are offset from the midline

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36
Q

What is a median plane?

A

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

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37
Q

Our body cavities consist of the _______ body cavity and the _______ body cavity.

A

dorsal, ventral

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38
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

A

cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity

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39
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

A

thoracic cavity (superior) and the abdominopelvic cavity (inferior)

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40
Q

What is the role of the cranial cavity?

A

Enclosed by the skull and houses the brain

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41
Q

What is the role of the vertebral (spinal) cavity?

A

Enclosed by the vertebral column and houses the spinal cord

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42
Q

What is the role of the thoracic cavity (superior)?

A

Subdivided into 2 lateral pleural cavities and the medial mediastinum containing the central pericardial cavity

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43
Q

What is the role of the abdominopelvic cavity (inferior)?

A

Houses the superior abdominal cavity (contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver) and the inferior pelvic cavity (bladder, some reproduction organs, rectum)

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44
Q

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions (from upper right to lower left of the body)?

A

Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, Right lateral (lumbar) region, Umbilical region, Left lateral (lumbar) region, Right inguinal (iliac) region, Pubic (hypogastric) region, Left inguinal (iliac) region

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45
Q

What is the role of the central pericardial cavity?

A

Encloses the heart and surrounds other thoracic organs

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46
Q

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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47
Q

Approaching Topic 2: The Integumentary System

A

yippee!

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48
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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49
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

A superficial epithelial region that sits above dermis: layered, has thick, keratinized stratified squamosa epithelium (squamosa-type of cell that’s flat), layer of dead skin cells

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50
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Dense connective tissue (vascularized), skin cells that move away from this layer are “more dead”

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51
Q

What is the hypodermis (superficial fascia) and its function?

A

Not part of the skin (hence subcutaneous), mostly adipose tissue, anchors skin to underlying structures with ability to slide, stores fat, and is a shock absorber/insulator

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52
Q

What are the four types of epidermal cells?

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic cells, Tactile cells

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53
Q

What are keratinocytes (and their function)?

A

Cell that produces keratin that gives epidermis its protective properties

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54
Q

What are melanocytes (and their function)?

A

Cells that produce melanin, which is packed into melanosomes, found in the deepest layer of epidermis, lots of branching processes for melanin to transfer to adjacent cells (carried by keratinocytes to surface)

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55
Q

What are dendritic cells (and their function)?

A

Star-shaped cells, migrate to epidermis from bone marrow, and macrophages activate the immune system

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56
Q

What are tactile cells (and their function)?

A

Acts as a “border” between epidermis and dermis, have disc-like sensory nerve endings (touch receptors), closer to the dermis than the dendritic cell

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57
Q

What is the epidermal growth factor?

A

Hormone involved in maintaining the production of new keratin sites, the cycle of new keratinocytes forming and dead ones approaching the skin surface

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58
Q

What are the four major epidermal layers of “thin” skin? What is the fifth layer only present in thick skin?

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Stratum lucidum (found in high-abrasion areas like feet)

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59
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary (thin superficial) layer and Reticular (thick deep) layer

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60
Q

What is the papillary layer (and its function)?

A

An interwoven mat or areolar CT fibers scattered with blood vessels, contains the dermal papillae

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61
Q

What is the dermal papillae?

A

A superficial region of the dermis that indents the overlying epidermis, contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors

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62
Q

What are friction ridges?

A

Epidermal ridges that come from the dermal papillae that lie on top of the dermal ridges (curvy layer of dermis forms epidermal ridges)

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63
Q

What is the reticular layer (and its function)?

A

Deeper, thick, dense irregular CT (thick bundles of collagen fibers running in different direction but mostly parallel to skin surface), the source of cleavage lines (tension lines)

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64
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers? (think about the reticular layer)

A

Collagen fibers give strength and resiliency and maintain skin hydration, since elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil

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65
Q

What’s happening when you get stretch marks or striae?

A

A dermal tear that’s been repaired

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66
Q

What’s happening when you get keloids?

A

Overgrown dermal tissue growth

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67
Q

What’s happening when you get a blister?

A

Separation of the epidermis and dermis from repeated rubbing in a certain area, seen as an injury and reacts as an inflammatory response (causes fluid to leak in that area)

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68
Q

What are flexure lines?

A

Folds at fingers and palms/other joints, areas where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures (rather than the skin in that area sliding, it has found where the skin has repeated bending movements, known as creases)

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69
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin colour?

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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70
Q

Where is melanin derived from?

A

The only pigment that’s made in the skin, derived from tyrosine, has two forms that range in colour (from reddish yellow to brownish black)

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71
Q

Where is carotene derived from?

A

Yellow to orange pigment found in plant products (like carrots), which deposits in keratinocytes (especially the stratum corneum) and hypodermis

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72
Q

Where is hemoglobin derived from?

A

Derived from capillary circulation and gives skin a pinkish hue (for transparent epidermis of Caucasian skin)

73
Q

What are the main accessory structures of the skin?

A

Hair (and hair shaft/structure), Nails, and Sweat glands

74
Q

What is hair (or pili)?

A

Flexible strands of dead keratinized cells, produced by hair follicles, not found on the following areas: palms, soles, lips, nippled, & portions of external genitalia

75
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Senses insects on skin, guards head from physical trauma, filter particles from inhaled air, helps with heat loss/sun and to shield eyes

76
Q

What is the composition of hair?

A

Composed of hard keratin (different than normal keratin, doesn’t flake and is more durable), has more cysteine (cysteine bonds gives the hair less flexibility and more strength)

77
Q

What is the hair shaft and its parts (and function of parts)?

A

The shape determines if hair is straight or curly, consists of the following parts:
Medulla- Large cells separated by air spaces, not found in fine hair (vellus hair)
Cortex- Several layers of flattened keratinocytes, pigment is stored here
Cuticle- A single layer of overlapping cells

78
Q

What are split ends?

A

Damaged/raised cuticle layers, gets tangled more frequently

79
Q

What’s happening when hair is turning gray or white?

A

Melanin production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in the hair shaft

80
Q

What are the parts of the hair structure (from surface of the skin and down)?

A

Hair shaft, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland, hair root, hair follicle, hair bulb

81
Q

What is the shaft in the hair structure?

A

The part that projects from the skin, has 3 layers (medulla, cortex, cuticle)

82
Q

What is the root in the hair structure?

A

Part that’s embedded in skin (contained within the hair follicle), has the 3 layers

83
Q

What is the bulb in the hair structure?

A

Expanded deep end of the follicle, has papilla and root hair plexus

84
Q

What is the follicle in the hair structure?

A

Includes the outer CT root sheath, inner epithelial root sheath, and hair matrix

85
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle in the hair structure?

A

Small muscle strand that contracts to pull hair up and dimple skin

86
Q

What is the sebaceous gland in the hair structure?

A

A holocrine gland that secretes sebum (which is oily lubrication that waterproofs hair and is bactericidal-prevents growth of bacteria)

87
Q

What does the structure of the hair follicle include?

A

Hair papilla, hair matrix, and arrector pili (all within hair bulb area)

88
Q

What is the hair papilla in the hair follicle?

A

It’s dermal tissue containing a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair

89
Q

What is the hair matrix in the hair follicle?

A

The hair matrix actively divides the area of the bulb that produces hair cells. As the matrix makes new cells, it pushes the older ones upwards

90
Q

What is the arrector pili in the hair follicle?

A

This is the small band of smooth muscle that’s attached to the follicle, and it’s responsible for “goose bumps”

91
Q

layers of follicle in detail**

A
92
Q

What are the two types of hair and how does their growth vary?

A

Vellus hair: Body hair found in children and adult females, fine hair
Terminal hair: Coarse, longer hair found in eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

93
Q

Follicles cycle between ______ and ______ phases. Each hair follicle has only a certain number of ______ cycles before it’s done.

A

active (or growth), regressive (or resting), growth

94
Q

What is Hirsutism?

A

In men it’s excessive body hair, and in women it’s excessive body hair in areas where it’s normally inactive

95
Q

What is alopecia? (specifically the one that causes baldness)

A

The body attacks the hair follicles and hair falls out in patches

96
Q

What is male pattern baldness?

A

A steady loss of hair. It can be genetically determined, and it’s an altered response of the hair follicle, which shortens its growth cycle

97
Q

What are the different parts of the nail and where are they located?

A

Free edge of nail: On edge of nail plate

Nail plate: Covers the “body” of the nail, sits on top of nail bed

Nail bed: Lies underneath the nail plate

Lateral nail fold: Nail folds on the side of the nail

Proximal nail fold: Nail fold that lies above the cuticle

Hyponychium: Area underneath the free edge, accumulates dirt

Eponychium (cuticle): Nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body

Phalanx: Bone of the fingertip
Nail root: End of the nail plate that extends past the cuticle

Nail matrix: An extension of the nail bed that wraps around the nail root

98
Q

How can you check the nail appearance to diagnose some diseases?

A

Yellow-tinge: respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

Thick yellow nails: nail fungal infection

Outward concavity: iron deficiency

Horizontal lines: heart attack, cancer, uncontrollable diabetes

99
Q

What are the three glands in the skin and/or hair?

A

Eccrine (merocrine), apocrine, and sebaceous glands

100
Q

What are eccrine glands and where are they located?

A

They are simple coiled tubular glands with a pore at the surface to release sweat on the skin. They’re abundant on palms, soles, and the forehead. They function in thermoregulation and secrete sweat.

101
Q

What are apocrine glands and where are they located?

A

They can be found in axillary and anogenital areas They release fatty substances and some proteins in the upper area of the hair follicle. They’re larger glands, and may act as sexual scent glands.

102
Q

What are sebaceous glands and where are they located?

A

They release sebum in the upper part of the hair follicle and everywhere else except for palms and soles. Sebum helps with lubrication, water loss, and bacteria

103
Q

What is considered a modified sweat gland?

A

Sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands , mammary glands

104
Q

What are the main functions of the skin?

A

To provide protection against chemical, physical, and biological damage, thermoregulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolism, excretion of waste, and serve as a blood reservoir

105
Q

Describe each level of severity for burns

A

First degree: Only the epidermis is damaged

Second degree: Epidermis and upper dermis is damaged

Third degree: Entire thickness of the skin is damaged (epidermis and dermis)

106
Q

What is the rule of nines and when is it used?

A

The body is broken into 11 sections with each section representing 9% of the body surface (genitals 1%). Used to estimate volume of fluid loss (how much should be replaced) and to estimate burns

107
Q

Approaching Topic 3A: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

A

yippee!

108
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Found between dense connective tissue and bone, mostly made up of water. It’s tough, flexible, and devoid of nerve fibers (avascular) so it’s not painful when cartilage is damaged. It lives in small cavities within the extracellular matrix

109
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

A layer of dense CT surrounding the cartilage, can form scar tissue in damaged areas

110
Q

What cell is responsible for actively forming cartilage? Is this a mature or immature cartilage cell?

A

Chondroblasts, mature cartilage cell

111
Q

What cell is responsible for maintaining cartilage? Is this a mature or immature cartilage cell?

A

Chondrocytes, mature cartilage cell

112
Q

What do you call a localized cluster of chondrocytes in the cartilage?

A

Lacunae

113
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

114
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

The most abundant, for firm support and pliability, contains lots of collagen, appears glassy blue-white, chondrocytes make up 1-10% of volume

115
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Similar features to the hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers, found in the external ear and epiglottis only

116
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers, very good tensile strength so it’s found in places subjected to pressure/stress

117
Q

What does it mean when bone tissue is living dynamic tissue that responds to its environment?

A

Bone reacts to the amount of force applied by increasing density/amount of roughening on bone or by decreasing density when force is reduced (deposition vs resorption).
Example: Paralysis, calcium in bones

118
Q

What are the main functions of bones?

A

To provide support, protection, anchorage & movement, mineral storage, blood cells formation, fat storage, and hormone production

119
Q

What gives bones the hardness and the strength to protect and support softer tissues, cavities for fat storage, and the synthesis of blood cells

A

Calcium salts

120
Q

What types of cells are found in bone tissue and what is their function?

A

Osteoprogenitor cell: Stem cell, can become osteoblast

Osteoblast: A matrix-synthesizing cell, responsible for bone growth, can become an osteocyte

Osteocyte: A mature bone cell, monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

Osteoclast: A bone-resorbing cell, only one that’s from white blood cell lineage and not from bone cell lineage, plays a part in calcium homeostasis

121
Q

What are the parts of calcified tissue?

A

Compact bone: The dense outer layer, specifically the external layer

Spongy/Trabecular bone: Contains trabeculae, which is the red marrow. Inhabits the middle region

122
Q

The _______ lines the inner osteogenic and outer fibrous layer of the calcified tissue

A

periosteum

123
Q

The _______ lines the canals of the compact bone and the trabeculae of the spongy bone

A

endosteum

124
Q

Our bones are divided into two main groups, the ______ skeleton and the _______ skeleton. (classified by their _______)

A

axial, appendicular, shape

125
Q

Briefly describe long bones

A

More long than wide, consists of a long shaft with 2 expanded regions, mostly compact bone with marrow cavity, joints have sponge cavity

126
Q

Briefly describe flat bones

A

Thin/flat/usually skinny/sometimes curved, includes the ribs, breastbone, and skull bones

127
Q

Briefly describe short bones

A

Cube-shaped, mostly made up of spongy bone with a more thin layer of compact bone, includes the wrist and ankle

128
Q

Briefly describe irregular bones

A

Complicated shapes like hip bones and the vertebrae, mostly made up of sponge bone with a thin layer of compact bone

129
Q

All long bones include what main sections?

A

A shaft (diaphysis), the bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes

130
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The long axis of the long bone, surrounds the marrow cavity/medullary cavity (adults have yellow marrow/fat in theirs)

131
Q

What is the epiphyses?

A

The ends of a long bone, internally spongy bone with external compact bone, has a thin layer of hyaline cartilage on surface

132
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

The area between the diaphysis and one of the epiphyses, which is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

133
Q

T/F: All types of bones have a shaft, marrow cavity, and epiphyses

A

F: The structure of short, irregular, and flat bones are not cylindrical, therefore no shaft, marrow cavity, or epiphyses.

134
Q

What are the parts of the compact bone (or the lamellar bone)?

A

Osteon (Haversian system), canals, canaliculi, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae

135
Q

What is the significance of the osteon (haversian system) in the compact bone?

A

This is the structural unit of the compact bone. It’s an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and consists of rings of bone matrix (lamellae). These cylinders act as pillars that support weight, and the collagen fibers in lamellae run in different directions to resist more stress which results in more successive lamellae.

136
Q

What and where is the Haversian (central) canal?

A
137
Q

What and where is the Volkmann’s (perforating) canal?

A
138
Q

What are osteocytes and where are they in the compact bone?

A
139
Q

What are canaliculi and where are they in the compact bone?

A
140
Q

What are interstitial lamellae and where are they found in the compact bone?

A
141
Q

What is the circumferential lamellae and where are they found in the compact bone?

A
142
Q

What is contained in the spongy bone?

A
143
Q

What allows bones to resist stress and where are they located?

A
144
Q

The spongy bone contains irregularly arranged _______ & _______ interconnected by _______

A
145
Q

T/F: Osteons can be found in the spongy bone

A
146
Q

How does nutrients reach the osteocytes in the spongy bone?

A
147
Q

What is osteogenesis or ossification?

A
148
Q

What is the process that forms the bony skeleton during childhood and adolescence?

A
149
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
150
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
151
Q

T/F: Most irregular bones are formed using only the primary ossification centre

A
152
Q

T/F: In short bones, only the primary ossification centre is formed

A
153
Q

Where does hyaline cartilage remain once secondary ossification is completed?

A
154
Q

Long bones lengthen entirely by _______ growth of the _______ _______

A
155
Q

T/F: All bones grow in thickness/width by interstitial growth

A
156
Q

T/F: Most bones stop growing during early adulthood or adolescence

A
157
Q

T/F: All facial bones stop growing at late adulthood

A
158
Q

What are the five stages of postnatal bone growth of the long bone?

A
159
Q

What is the process of bone remodeling?

A
160
Q

What is the process of appositional growth?

A
161
Q

What are the four stages of fracture repair?

A
162
Q

What are the main events that happen in a fracture repair?

A
163
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
164
Q

How does the body regulate calcium homeostasis?

A
165
Q

What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
166
Q

Topic 3B: The Human Skeleton II

A
167
Q

Where is the pectoral girdle located in the skeleton?

A
168
Q

The pectoral girdle has 2 pairs of bones: the _______ & _______

A
169
Q

Why are the bones of the pectoral girdle so moveable?

A
170
Q

Which area of the pectoral girdle is shallow and poorly reinforced?

A
171
Q

Where are the clavicles located? How does this relate to their function?

A
172
Q

Where are the scapulae located?

A
173
Q

How is the location of scapulae related to its fossae?

A
174
Q

What is the coracoid process?

A
175
Q

The upper limb consists of __ separate bones (which includes the arm, forearm, and hand)

A
176
Q

What does the humerus articulate with?

A
177
Q

The head of the humerus inserts into the glenoid cavity of the _______

A
178
Q

_______ are attached at the greater and lesser tubercle

A
179
Q
A

Winter Term 2024 (2 decks)

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