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Rotation: Microbiology > Anaerobes > Flashcards

Anaerobes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

organisms that grow in the absence of oxygen and vary in their ability to tolerate oxygen

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2
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grow aerobically and anaerobically

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3
Q

obligate anerobes

A

require anaerobic conditions for growth; oxygen and its derivatives are toxic to these organisms

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4
Q

strict obligate anaerobes

A

cannot tolerate more than 0.5% oxygen

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5
Q

moderate obligate anaerobes

A

can tolerate 2-8% oxygen

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6
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

grow very poorly in ambient air (approximately 21% oxygen) and grow well under anaerobic conditions

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7
Q

oxidation-reduction potential

A
  • low redox potential = reduced environment
  • high redox potential = oxidized environment
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8
Q

gram-positive bacilli anaerobes

A
  • actionmyces israelii
  • bifidobacterium
  • clostridium genus
  • eubacterium lentum
  • lactobacillus
  • mobiluncus genus
  • propionibacterium genus
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9
Q

gram-negative bacilli anaerobes

A
  • bacteroides fragilis group
  • bacteroides ureolyticus
  • bilophila wadsworthia
  • fusobacterium genus
  • porphyromonas
  • prevotella genus
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10
Q

gram-positive cocci anaerobes

A
  • peptococcus niger
  • peptostreptococcus genus
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11
Q

gram-negative cocci anaerobes

A

veillonella

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12
Q

human body sites that may be colonized with anaerobic bacteria

A

oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, intestinal tract, genitourinary tract, skin

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13
Q

exogenous infections

A

diseases caused by organisms from outside the body; the organisms, their spores, or their toxins enter the body through ingestion and trauma

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14
Q

endogenous infections

A

caused by the host’s normal flora organisms when for some reason the host is unable to keep these organisms in their normal habitat

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15
Q

clues that suggest an anerobic infection

A

infection near mucosal surface, foul-smelling or gaseous discharge, necrotic tissues

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16
Q

appropriate specimens

A

abscess aspirates, tissue/biopsy material, anaerobic swabs, protected brush bronchoscopy specimens, suprapubic aspirate urine, blood, body fluids

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17
Q

what do prereduced, anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) transport media usually consist of?

A

agar transport medium, rezasurin, reducing substances

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18
Q

rezasurin

A

an oxygen tension indicator that is colorless under anaerobic conditions and turns pink when oxygen is present

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19
Q

anaBAP

A

anaerobic blood agar plates; nonselective media support the growth of obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria
- ex: CDC anaerobic blood agar, brucella blood agar, enriched brain-heart infusion blood agar, schaedler blood agar

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20
Q

anaPEA

A

anaerobic phenylethyl alcohol blood agar; inhibits facultative gram-negative rods, supports the growth of facultative gram-positive organisms and most anaerobic bacteria

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21
Q

BBE

A

bacteroides bile-esculin agar; selective and differential, used to isolate and presumptively identify the bacteroides fragilis group
*also selective for bilophila wadsworthia

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22
Q

what are the key components of bbe agar?

A
  • gentamicin: an antimicrobial agent that inhibits many facultative organisms
  • bile: most anaerobic bacteria are inhibits by the high concentration of bile
  • esculin: the medium turns brown to black when esculin is hydrolyzed
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23
Q

CCFA

A

cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar; selective and differential for the isolation of clostridium difficile
- antimicrobial agents: cycloserine, cefoxitin
- carbohydrate source: fructose
- pH indicator: neutral red

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24
Q

what will clostridium difficile look like on CCFA?

A

yellow with a characteristic ground-glass appearance

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25
Q

KVLB

A

kanamycin-vancomycin laked blood agar; selects for bacteroides and prevotella
- kanamycin inhibits most facultative gram-negative rods
- vancomycin inhibits most gram-positive organisms
- laked blood encourages certain prevotella to produce a brown to black pigment

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26
Q

PVLB

A

similar to KVLB but contains paromomycin instead of kanamycin
- paromomycin inhibits kanamycin-resistant, facultative, gram-negative rods

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27
Q

THIO

A

nonselective broth and allows the growth of many microorganisms
- top: aerobic organisms
- bottom: anaerobic organisms
- throughout: facultative organisms

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28
Q

cooked-meat broth

A

an enriched medium that supports the growth of most anaerobic bacteria

29
Q

creating an anaerobic environment

A

one tablet contains sodium borohydride and the other has sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. hydrogen gas is produced when water is added to the sodium borohydride tablet. the hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen in the presence of palladium to form water. carbon dioxide is formed when water interacts with the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid tablet

30
Q

palladium

A

catalyst inactivated by moisture, H2S, and bacterial metabolic products

31
Q

microbiochemical systems

A

panels of miniaturized biochemical tests

32
Q

rapid enzymatic systems

A

chromogenic substate tests to detect preformed ezymes

33
Q

most commonly used antibiotic disks

A

vancomycin, colistin, kanamycin
- most gram-negative organisms are susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to colistin
- gram-negative anaerobic bacteria vary in their susceptibility to colistin

34
Q

sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)

A

used in the identification of anaerobic gram-positive cocci

35
Q

nitrate test

A

less sensitive than conventional tube test, valuable tool in presumptive identification of anaerobic bacteria

36
Q

bile tolerance

A

test determines if an organism can grow in the presence of 20% bile
- bile disk: similar to antibiotic identification disk
- bile tube: test organism inoculated into two anaerobic broth tubes with one containing bile and one containing no bile
–> equal growth = resistant
–> when control tube has more growth than bile tube = susceptible

37
Q

lecithinase

A

degrades lecithin to form insoluble diglycerides; performed by inoculating the test organism onto egg-yolk agar and incubating anaerobically - used in identification of clostridium spp.

38
Q

nagler test

A

used to presumptively identify clostridium perfringens, which is nagler positive

39
Q

lipase

A

a positive result is a pearly, iridescent sheen on the agar surface and on the cultured organism

40
Q

presumpto plates

A

series of quadrant plates with each quadrant containing a different test medium

41
Q

proteolysis

A

detects proteolytic enzymes

42
Q

reverse camp

A

when the test organism is streaked down the center and group b strep is streaked perpendicular to test organism’s streak; clostridium perfringens is reverse camp positive

43
Q

characteristics of clostridia

A
  • almost always catalase positive
  • gram stain should be gram-positive rods but usually stain gram negative and are susceptible to vancomycin
44
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

causes a variety of infections including myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

45
Q

clostridium difficile

A

important cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis

46
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

causes botulism because produces several types of botulinal neurotoxin

47
Q

clostridium septicum

A

can cause myonecrosis and bacteremia; often associated with leukemia, lymphoma, and large bowel carcinoma, colonies swarm and have medusa-head appearance

48
Q

clostridium tetani

A

causes tetanus (lockjaw); characterized by swarming colonies and sporulating bacterial cells with a drumstick or tennis racket appearance

49
Q

anaerobic actinomycetes

A
  • actinomyces
  • bifidobacterium
  • propionibacterium
50
Q

aerobic actinomycetes

A
  • nocardia
  • streptomyces
  • rhodococcus
51
Q

actinomyces spp.

A

cause of actinomycosis; direct examination will show sulfur granules and colonies may appear spiderlike or woolly

52
Q

bifidobacterium

A

part of the normal intestinal and oral flora; rarely cause disease and are seldom isolated in the clinical laboratory

53
Q

eubacterium

A

part of the normal intestinal and oral flora, nitrate positive, catalase negative

54
Q

lactobacillus

A

rarely cause disease, are part of normal flora of mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina; presumptively identified by negative catalase reaction and typical gram-stain morphology

55
Q

mobiluncus

A

associated with bacterial vaginosis; are curved rods that stain gram variable to gram negative but have the characteristics of gram positive; are susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to colistin

56
Q

propionibacterium

A

often referred to as anaerobic diphtheroids because the resemble corynebacteria; can infect prosthetic devices

57
Q

peptostreptococcus

A

presumptively identified when an anaerobic gram-positive coccus is suceptible to SPS; indole positive

58
Q

peptococcus niger

A

rarely isolated, presumptively identified by its ability to produce catalase and black pigmented colonies

59
Q

bacteroides fragilis group

A

organisms are more resistant to antimicrobial agents than other anaerobic gram-negative bacilli; are resistant to kanamycin, vancomycin, colistin, and bile

60
Q

bacteroides ureolyticus

A

appears as thin gram-negative rods with rounded ends and sometimes pits agar; kanamycin, colistin, and bile susceptible and vancomycin resistant

61
Q

prevotella

A

appear as faintly staining coccobacilli or pleomorphic rods; resistant to kanamycin and vancomycin and are bile susceptible

62
Q

pigmented prevotella

A

fluoresces red
- prevotella melaninogenica
- prevotella intermedia

63
Q

nonpigmented prevotella

A

fluoresces pink, orange, or chartreuse

64
Q

prophyromonas

A

faintly staining, gram-negative coccobacilli; are fastidious and require hemin and vitamin k for growth, fluoresces red, susceptible to vancomycin

65
Q

fusobacterium spp.

A

susceptible to kanamycin and colistin and are vancomycin resistant, are nitrate and catalse negative

66
Q

fusobacterium nucleatum

A

thin, fusiform, gram-negative rods; produces bread-crumb, smooth, ground-glass, or speckled colonies that fluoresce chartreuse

67
Q

fusobacterium necrophorum

A

pleomorphic gram-negative rod; colonies fluoresce chartreuse

68
Q

fusobacterium varium

A

seldom cause disease and has fried egg appearance

69
Q

bilophila wadsworthia

A

associated with a variety of infections; susceptible to kanamycin and colistin and is vancomycin resistant, produces catalase and reduces nitrate

Rotation: Microbiology (5 decks)

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