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all weeks Flashcards

1
Q

global politics

A
  • basic patterns of international beliefs and behaviour that help define and condition states and other factors
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2
Q

globalisation

A
  • integration between different states and people to increase contact, communication, and trade that binds the world together
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3
Q

historical roots of globalisation

A
  • empires and colonisation
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4
Q

challenges of globalisation

A
  • globalisation is out of control
  • an unequal distribution of wealth
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5
Q

old security concerns

A
  • how states could maintain their security in the world
  • states are trying to increase their security
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6
Q

new security concerns

A
  • how states and societies are affected, and perhaps afflicted by, non-state actors such as networks of terrorists and others who would harm people around the world
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7
Q

security dilemma

A
  • each state faces the dilemma of whether to increase its military strength and provoke the others or not to arm and leave itself vulnerable to attack
  • by creating a bigger army, other states can get nervous “Other might attack them before they have prepared themselves”
  • east-west conflict
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8
Q

nations

A
  • cultural entity or group that shares an identity and a feeling of community
  • culturally linked groupings of people
  • more nations than states in the world
  • cross borders and live in different states
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9
Q

level of analysis

A
  • individual, state, international
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10
Q

individual analysis

A
  • focusing on the role of individual behaviour and their beliefs, values, norms, ideology etc
  • e.g. behaviour of dictators or the way they impact
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11
Q

state analysis

A
  • the way a state is structured
  • its beliefs in terms of policy
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12
Q

international analysis

A
  • between states and how they affect each other
  • e.g. international interactions, military, global institution, climate etc
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13
Q

realism

A
  • individuals are primarly selfish and power seeking
  • the self-interest of state
  • survival in the anarchic global system
  • power competition
  • military strength
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14
Q

principles of realism

A
  • anarchy world > states must secure their existence dilemma
  • states pursue power > national security sorted out and protected > power means a better position in the world
  • balance of power > a situation in which states of the world have roughly equal power
  • amoral power calculations
  • constant security dilemma > each state has to defend and fight for itself, so there is always the security dilemma > you increase your security, but the security of another state can decrease
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15
Q

liberalism

A
  • human nature as basically good and holds that people are capable of improving their moral and material conditions, thereby making societal progress possible
  • principles
  • rejection of power principles as the only outcome of international relations
  • disarmament
  • self-determination
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16
Q

principles of liberalism

A
  • international order not only anarchy
  • importance ideas and values
  • struggle for consensus
  • cooperative behavior
  • international organizations and law
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17
Q

neo-marxism

A
  • views social class in terms of class relations that give persons control over productive assets and the labour power of others
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18
Q

principles of neo-marxism

A
  • social classes > dominant struggle in which everything is organised
  • redistribution of wealth
  • states as agents of the elites
  • capitalism dominates global politics > struggle among power and wealth
  • core-periphery > global layered arena > wealthy states are at the core and controlling
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19
Q

post-modernism

A
  • emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives
  • no real truth
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20
Q

neo-realism

A
  • believe that the structure of the international system is the most important factor influencing the states within it
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21
Q

offensive realism

A
  • states are internally driven by power maximise
  • making cooperation limited and weak
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22
Q

defensive realism

A
  • argue that because states achieve security by maintaining their position in the international system they constantly will try to maintain an appropriate or adequate degree of power in relation to other states
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23
Q

neoliberalism

A
  • international regimes
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24
Q

English School

A
  • form of liberal realism
  • the states exist more than just anarchy
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25
Q

public choice

A
  • the study of economic nonmarket decision making or, more broadly, the application of economics to political science
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26
Q

principles of post-modernism

A
  • uncover hidden motives
  • no objective reality
  • social constructs > everything up to debate
  • relativity
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27
Q

critical theory

A
  • how existing political relationships can be changed so that people can be freed from social, economic, or political constraints
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28
Q

emancipation

A
  • highly contested concept in international relations that is usually associated with an idealistic belief in the positive transformation of the world
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29
Q

social constructivism

A
  • ideas and norms construct the interests of a state
  • interests are changeable
  • focus on the decision-making process, not on outcomes
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30
Q

principles of social constructivism

A
  • social constructs
  • power by persuasion
  • values and beliefs
  • struggle to control norms and values
  • intellectual anarchy
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31
Q

principles of gender & feminist theory

A
  • gender analysis
  • gender (in)equality
  • gender shapes definitions
  • human rights for women
  • enhancement of all citizens
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32
Q

sovereignty

A
  • the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
  • territory
  • authority
  • recognition
  • legitimacy
  • non-interference
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33
Q

nations

A
  • cultural entity
  • exist inside states
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34
Q

nation-state

A

problematic concept

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35
Q

sources of power

A
  • economy
  • geography and population
  • natural resources and technical capabilities
  • military capabilities
  • soft power
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36
Q

power: geography and population

A
  • territory
  • location
  • population
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37
Q

power: natural resources and technical capabilitiy

A
  • energy supplies > oil
  • education & science
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38
Q

power: military capabilities

A
  • power projection
  • important aspect of power
  • but no guarantee for success
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39
Q

soft power

A
  • no coercion
  • attraction
  • no convincing
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40
Q

smart power

A
  • the right balance among military, economic, and soft power approaches
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41
Q

foreign policy

A
  • state or government behavior that has external ramifications
  • diplomacy
  • economic strategies
  • military and coercive strategies
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42
Q

foreign policy: diplomacy

A
  • managing international relations
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43
Q

bipolar system

A
  • a distribution of power in which two states have a preponderance of power
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44
Q

unipolar system

A
  • international system had only one dominant state
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45
Q

multipolar system

A
  • a distribution of power in which more than two states have similar amounts of power
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46
Q

nongovernmental organisations

A
  • take part in global activities
  • nonprofit
  • private
  • neutrality
  • transnational > across state borders
  • negative aspects & weaknesses > western worldview
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47
Q

multinational corporations

A
  • businesses that extend across state borders, with subsidiaries (wholly or substantially owned companies) and employees in one or more other states
  • for-profit
  • transnational > across state borders
  • powerful > economic power in state, for example > difficult for states to get ahead of them > most corporations support free trade
  • negative aspects > too powerful and demolish people and nature > afraid that the corporations will take over the world and states have nothing to say anymore
  • social responsibility
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48
Q

criminal & terrorist organisations

A
  • operate outside of state control
  • transnational > operating on a global scale
  • threat to security > global and state
  • difficult to counter > each part tries to be ahead of to other one > both can profit from modern technology > especially difficult when states are weak
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49
Q

mass communication

A
  • empowerment
  • bias & control
  • digital divide
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50
Q

race

A
  • an unpredictable social category
  • consisting of persons who share such inherited physical characteristics
  • characteristics which are charged with social meaning in some societies
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51
Q

nationalism

A
  • collective action of a politically conscious group or nation in pursuit of increased territorial autonomy or sovereignty
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52
Q

religion

A
  • organized, institutionalized system of beliefs based on the superior authority of a supernatural being, or beings, the purpose of which is to instruct the faithful in morally responsible behavior
  • belief system
  • political influence
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53
Q

general war

A
  • number of great powers
  • massive destruction of combatant and civilian lives and property
  • extensive objectives such as destroying enemies or installing favorable governments
54
Q

limited war

A
  • one in which the belligerents do not expend all of the resources at their disposal
55
Q

civil war

A
  • internal war in a state between rivals
56
Q

offensive war

A
  • trying to get control of another country’s territory
57
Q

defensive war

A
  • defend yourself, protecting your territory
58
Q

preemptive war

A
  • launched in anticipation of immediate aggression by another party
  • legal
59
Q

preventive war

A
  • to stop a long-term increase in the power of a potential enemy
  • to prevent a future attack
60
Q

causes of war: individual

A
  • psychologically and biologically, humans are prone to aggression, selfishness, greed, and other powerful motivating factors
61
Q

causes of war: state

A
  • power and will are both attributes of states that include various aspects such as economics, military might, international relations, and trade
62
Q

democratic peace theory

A
  • the mere existence of democracy promotes peace and reduces the possibility of war
63
Q

causes of war: global

A
  • religion, governance and politics
64
Q

insurgencies

A
  • relatively small and weak rebel forces engage in low-level asymmetrical warfare against state authorities and their more powerful militaries
65
Q

failing states

A
  • countries close to disintegration because their governments have lost (or never had) adequate authority over their peoples and territories
66
Q

failed states

A
  • their government has collapsed
  • the country has fallen into civil war
67
Q

Just wars?

A
  • good or just cause
  • legitimate authority
  • last resort
  • likely to succeed
  • proportionality
68
Q

terrorism

A
  • threat of violence or the actual use of violence by individuals, non-government organisations, groups and sometimes government to obtain political concessions
  • military actions are not considered as terrorism
  • often based on ideologies like religion and nationalism
  • targets are mostly police, politicians, and soldiers, but sometimes also civilians
  • creates a wave of shock and fear
  • citizens will press the government to change
69
Q

state terrorism

A
  • violence carried out by governments or clandestine operatives working for governments against other states or their citizens
70
Q

counterterrorism

A
  • trying to disrupt or kill terrorists with the use of covert special forces - now including drones
71
Q

global threats

A
  • environment
  • demography
  • health
  • energy
72
Q

crisis definitions

A
  • threat
  • uncertainty
  • urgency of response
  • controversial uses
73
Q

crisis dynamics

A
  • planning
  • decision making
  • public relations & mediazation
74
Q

international relations

A
  • relations among states
75
Q

global system

A
  • the broad network of relations among states and the activities of their citizens and non-state institutions in the world
76
Q

multilayered diplomacy

A
  • substate diplomacy conducted in close cooperation with a central government
  • cooperation central-regional government
77
Q

paradiplomacy

A
  • the involvement of non-central governments in international relations
  • conflicting interests
78
Q

substate diplomacy

A
  • multilayered diplomacy
  • paradiplomacy
79
Q

war

A
  • the use of organized military force in clashes between two or more states
80
Q

sustainable development

A
  • development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
  • an approach to economic development that seeks to reconcile economic growth with environmental protection, so that development can proceed while the world’s resources are maintained, not damaged or used up so that following generations will not have access to them
81
Q

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)

A
  • people who have been forced from their homes
  • but who remains within their own country’s borders
82
Q

states

A
  • the political unit of an entire territory
  • most states are from after World War II because then the decolonisation started
  • if other states do not recognise you, you can’t have a place at international organisations
83
Q

hard power

A
  • coercion
84
Q

rational actor model

A
  • a rational actor will develop goals that are based on self-interest
  • the actor will make the choice that best supports the goal
85
Q

universal values

A
  • freedom, justice and the peaceful resolution of disputes
  • social progress and better standards of living
  • equality, tolerance and dignity
86
Q

cultural relativism

A
  • local cultural traditions (including religious, political, and legal practices) properly determine the existence and scope of civil and political rights enjoyed by individuals in a given society
87
Q

intervention

A
  • coordinated international action
  • protect human rights
  • prevent or respond to human rights abuses on a substantial scale
88
Q

positive rights

A
  • provide the right holder with a claim against another person or the state for some good, service, or treatment
89
Q

negative rights

A
  • restrains other persons or governments
  • limiting their actions toward or against the right holder
90
Q

genocide

A
  • internationally recognised crime where acts are committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
  • more than just killing, so also causes mental harm
91
Q

environment

A
  • ability of the planet to support life
  • the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates
92
Q

demography

A
  • study of statistics such as births, deaths, politics, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
93
Q

gender

A
  • unequal structural relationship of power that defines what is meant by masculinity and femininity
94
Q

public diplomacy

A
  • the need to communicate a state’s views for public consumption in the media of television, radio, and the press
95
Q

propaganda

A
  • deliberate distortions of the truth, in their attempt to influence people that their point of view is superior to that of their opponents
96
Q

subversion

A
  • support for the rebellious activity of disaffected groups in foreign countries
97
Q

deterrence

A
  • to keep adversaries from doing something they do not want
98
Q

compellence

A
  • to get another state to do what they want by using, or threatening to punish them with, force
99
Q

satisficing

A
  • the tendency of groups to seek conformity and solidarity and therefore search for a solution that is simply OK rather than the most effective one
100
Q

organizational process model

A
  • assumes that decision makers rely on standardized responses or operating codes to reach their policy conclusions, especially in crisis situations
101
Q

government or bureaucratic model

A
  • assumes that decisions result from constant negiotating among various government actors and organizations
  • likely to hold different views about the goals and utility of each course of action
102
Q

incrementalist model

A
  • assumes that most problems are complex and interrelated
  • political decision makers operate in a climate of uncertainty and limited resources
103
Q

power configuration

A
  • the overall pattern of power and influence, to enhance and improve their position
104
Q

balance of power

A
  • a relatively equal distribution of power among states sufficient to maintain security and peace among rivals
105
Q

alliances

A
  • agreements among states
  • usually formalized in treaties concerning the use of force
  • to advance common goals and secure interests
106
Q

hegemon

A
  • a single state that, while not holding absolute power, remains far more powerful than all other countries
  • therefore can dominate the patterns of world politics
  • create rules for others to follow
  • supreme leader
107
Q

multilateral actions

A
  • cooperating with other countries or international institutions
108
Q

unilateralism

A
  • going it alone
  • paying little attention to the views of other states
109
Q

state capitalism

A
  • in which the prominent economic role is taken by the state rather than private enterprise
110
Q

middle power

A
  • exert considerable regional power
  • some even have nuclear weapons or the ability to get them
111
Q

transnational advocacy groups

A
  • include individuals or organizations that share the basic principles, normative objectives, information, and actions of the network and act across state borders
112
Q

racial discrimination

A
  • the imposition of handicaps, barriers, or different treatment on individuals solely because of their race
  • it can be embedded formally in laws or carried from one generation to the next by social prejudice
113
Q

ethnicity

A
  • subjective characteristic shared by groups of people with similar ancestral customs, language, dialect, and/or cultural heritage, and sometimes distinct racial characteristics
114
Q

ethnic groups

A
  • based on family, blood relatives, distant ancestors, or some form of kinship such as clans or tribes
115
Q

exceptionalism

A
  • the belief that one’s state is better than other states or has a unique historical mission to fulfill
116
Q

self-determination

A
  • self-government or sovereign statehood
117
Q

national identity

A
  • emotional attachment to the geographical features of the territory
  • common experiences that promote pride
  • common language
  • shared history, values, traditions, and customs; and perhaps even a common literature or sport that creates a wide sense of familiarity and belonging
  • states adopt flags and anthems, issue honors and medals, and sponsor parades and national days to inspire unity
118
Q

hypernationalism

A
  • nationalist sentiment fosters the belief that other nations or states are both inferior and threatening
119
Q

arms race

A
  • a competitive buildup of weapons and military forces between and among states in a search for security
120
Q

biological terrorism

A
  • deliberate dispersal of pathogens through food, air, water, or living organisms to cause disease and death
121
Q

nuclear deterrence

A
  • the ability of each superpower to persuade the other not to attack it by threatening retaliation with nuclear weapons
122
Q

limited disarmament

A
  • reducing weapons of mass destruction
123
Q

arms control

A
  • preventing proliferation and reducing the growth in number of arms
124
Q

asymmetrical warfare

A
  • conflicts between two or more relatively unequal contestants, whether they are states or other groups
125
Q

human rights

A
  • political and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable for all individuals in all countries simply by virtue of their humanity
126
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • the tendency to see one’s own group as superior to other groups and to depict out-groups as less worthy of fair treatment
127
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • its ability to support and sustain life
128
Q

nonrenewable resources

A
  • limited in supply
  • can be a powerful political tool for states
  • sometimes leading to violent conflicts
129
Q

renewable resources

A
  • relatively abundant
  • considerably more climate and politically friendly
130
Q

refugee

A
  • well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions
  • crossed borders
131
Q

masking

A
  • leaders’ efforts to dampen down expectations about what can be done about a crisis
132
Q

ethics

A
  • criteria for evaluating right and wrong in the actions of individuals and states in global affairs

international relations (1 decks)

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