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1
Q

what is work

A

the amount of energy transferred

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2
Q

what is work done measured in

A

Joules

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3
Q

what is power

A

the rate of work done

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4
Q

what is power measured in

A

Watts

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of forces

A

non-contact
contact

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6
Q

what are the 3 contact forces

A

gravity
magnetism
electrostatic charges

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7
Q

what is a non-contact force

A

a force that can be exerted between objects without them being in contact with one other

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8
Q

what is a contact force

A

can be exerted between objects due to them being in contact

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9
Q

what is the resultant force

A

the overall force on an object

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10
Q

what is a moment

A

forces that act at a distance from a pivot and cause a turning effect

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11
Q

what is the formula for the moment

A

moment = force * distance

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of levers

A

class 1
class 2
class 3

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13
Q

what is a class 1 lever?

A

where the output are on opposite sides of the pivot and in opposite directions

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14
Q

what is a class 2 lever

A

where the output and input forces are on the same side of the pivot and in the same direction but the input force is furthest away from it

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15
Q

what is a class 3 lever

A

where the output and input forces are on the same side of the pivot and in the same direction but the output force is furthest away from it

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16
Q

what is an example of a class 1 lever

A

scissor

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17
Q

what is an example of a class 2 lever

A

wheel barrow

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18
Q

what is an example of a class 3 lever

A

tong

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19
Q

what is a gear

A

are toothed wheels that are meshed together to transmit rotational force and motion

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of gear

A

low gear
high gear

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21
Q

what is a high gear

A

when a large input gear turns a smaller output gear which leads to a high speed and and low turning effect

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22
Q

what is low gear

A

when a small input gear turns a large output gear it creates a low-speed and high-turning effect

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23
Q

what is the purpose of a cell or battery

A

provides a potential difference

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24
Q

what is a switch

A

allows the current to be switched on or off

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25
Q

what is a voltameter

A

measures potential difference

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26
Q

what does an ammeter d

A

measures the current

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of resistors

A

fixed
variable

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28
Q

what is the purpose of a filament lamp

A

converts electrical energy to light energy

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29
Q

what does a diode do

A

allows the current to flow in only one direction

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30
Q

what does a thermistor do

A

decreases resistance when temperature increase

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31
Q

what does an LDR

A

decreases resistance when the light intensity increases

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32
Q

what does an LED do

A

a diode that gives out light when current flows through it

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33
Q

what are the 2 types of circuits

A

series
parallel

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34
Q

what is a series circuit

A

a circuit that contains only one loop

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35
Q

describe the current and PD in a series circuit

A

the size of the current will be the same at every point in the circuit
the PD in voltmeters will add up to the cell voltage

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36
Q

what is current

A

a measure of the flow of electrons in a circuit

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37
Q

what is PD

A

the force driving the current

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38
Q

describe the current and PD in a parallel circuit

A

the potential difference is the same across each branch
the sum of currents in each branch will

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39
Q

what is the unit for charge

A

coulombs

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40
Q

what is the equation for charge

A

current * time

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41
Q

what is the equation for energy transferred by a circuit

A

charge * potential difference

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42
Q

what is ohms law

A

the size of the current is directly proportional to the potential difference

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43
Q

what is ohms formula

A

PD = current * resistance

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44
Q

what is resistance measured in

A

Ohms

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45
Q

what is resistance

A

a measurement of how hard it is for electricity to flow

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46
Q

if the resistance is increased the current is…

A

decreased

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47
Q

what is an IV graph

A

shows how the current flowing through a component changes as the potential difference increases

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48
Q

what are the 3 IV graphs

A

fixed resistor
filament lamp
diode

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49
Q

what does the IV graph of a fixed resistor look like and why

A

the gradient of the line will stay the same and create a straight line. as the resistance is fixed and will be the same

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50
Q

what does the IV graph of a filament lamp look like and why

A

as the potential difference increases the filament lamp gets hotter and atomic vibrations increase. this leads to greater resistance. The slope or gradient decreases as the PD increases as the resistance increase

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51
Q

what does the IV graph of a diode look like and why

A

flat then increases steadily. the current only flows in one direction so there is a threshold in the forward direction, which is why the graph is flat initially and after the threshold is passed the resistance does not change

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52
Q

what does LDR stand for

A

Light dependant resistor

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53
Q

in an LDR, as the brightness increases the resistance…

A

resistance decreases

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54
Q

in a thermistor, as the temperature increases the resistance…

A

the decreases

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55
Q

what is the current heating effect and why does it happen

A

when there is an electric current flowing through a resistor energy is transferred which heats the resistor. this is because as electrons flow through the metal lattice of the wire. the metal ions and the negative electrons collide which lead to the kinetic energy of the electrons being dissipated as thermal energy

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56
Q

what is the advantage of the current heating effect

A

some appliances are designed to transfer electrical energy to thermal energy so the current heating effect will aid it

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57
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of the current heating effect

A
  • if the current is too high the heating effect can cause appliances to catch fire
  • this means earthing and fuses are needed
  • wastes energy
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58
Q

what is the formula for energy transferred that uses current

A

energy transferred = current * PD * time

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59
Q

what are the 3 formulas for calculating power

A
  1. power = current * PD
  2. power = energy transferred / time
  3. current squared *resistance
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60
Q

what is power measured in

A

watts

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61
Q

what are the 2 currents

A

AC DC

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62
Q

what is an AC current

A

an alternating current when the current changes direction regularly and the PD is constantly changing

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63
Q

what is a DC current

A

a direct current. where the current flows in the same direction and the PD is constant

64
Q

what type of current is used in the home

A

AC

65
Q

what is the voltage and frequency of mains electricity

A

230V
50Hz

66
Q

what are the 3 wires in a plug

A

earth
live
neutral

67
Q

what colour is the earth wire

A

yellow and green striped

68
Q

what colour is the live wire

A

brown

69
Q

what colour is the neutral wire

A

blue

70
Q

what is the purpose of the earth wire

A

is a safety feature so if the plug becomes electrically charged it will flow through the earth wire into the ground will prevents the user from getting hurt

71
Q

what is the purpose of the live wire

A

carries the current to the appliance

72
Q

what is the purpose of the neutral wire

A

completes the circuit with the appliance, it has a PD of 0

73
Q

what is a fuse

A

a fuse will be connected to the live wire and contains a wire that will melt if the current becomes too high

74
Q

when does static electricity occur

A

when electric charges are transferred onto or off the surface of an insulator which will cause it to gain a charge

75
Q

how do insulators become negatively charged

A

when electrons move onto the insulator from the cloth due to friction

76
Q

how do insulators become positively charged

A

when electrons move from the insulator onto the cloth due to friction

77
Q

what are 3 electrostatic behaviours that are seen in everyday life

A

electric shocks
lightning strikes
electrostatic induction

78
Q

why do you get electrostatic shocks

A

electrons can be transferred onto your clothes by friction. these charges will stay on your clothes as they are insulators. however when you touch a metal object the electrons will conduct through it and give you an electric shock

79
Q

how does lightning occur from electric

A
  1. ice particles in clouds gain electrons from other particles by friction as they rub against each other
  2. the bottom of the cloud gains electrons and a negative charge
  3. the electrons in the ground are repelled by the bottom of the cloud
  4. lightning jumps to earth as a spark of electrons
80
Q

what is electrostatic induction

A

when a charged object attracts uncharged objects by inducing the opposite charge on the other surface

81
Q

what are 2 uses of static electricity

A

insecticide sprayers and paint sprayers

82
Q

how is static electricity used in sprayers to make them more efficient

A
  1. the nozzle of the sprayer is connected to electricity sullpy
  2. droplets all get the same static charge so they repel each other and spread out evenly
  3. the object being painted is given the opposite charge to the paint so that the paint is attracted to the object and less paint is wasted
83
Q

what are the 2 ways vehicles become charged

A
  1. when cars move friction between the air and the body of the vehicle results in electrons being transferred and the vehicle becoming charged
  2. friction between fuel and the pipe it is flowing causes the transfer of electrons so that the fuel and the pipe become charged
84
Q

how can electrostatic charges become dangerous

A

if the charge is not removed from a car then a spark may occur when the nozzle of the fuel tanker touches the car, this spark can ignite the fuel and cause an explosion

85
Q

what is a way to remove the dangers of electrostatics

A

earthing

86
Q

what is an electric field

A

a region of space where a charged particle experiences a force

87
Q

describe the electric field of a positive point charge

A

radially outwards

88
Q

describe the electric field of a negative point charge

A

radially inwards

89
Q

what are the 2 types of magnets

A

permanent and temporary

90
Q

what is a permanent magnet

A

a magnet that has a north and south pole all the time

91
Q

what is a temporary magnet

A

a magnet that is made by bringing a permanent magnet near to it and when it is removed it loses its magnetism

92
Q

what is an electromagnet

A

a magnet that is made from an electric current

93
Q

how can you increase the strength of an electromagnet

A

increase current

94
Q

what is a solenoid

A

a current-carrying wire that is coiled up and creates a strong and uniform magnetic field along the centre of the solenoid but the field lines can each other out and create a weaker field outside the solenoid

95
Q

what is the motor effect?

A

where a current-carrying when placed near a magnet will experience a force due to the interacting magnetic fields

96
Q

what rule can be used for the motor effect

A

flemmings left-hand rule

97
Q

what does each finger mean in Flemings left hand rule

A

thumb - the movement of the wire due to force
second finger - direction of current flowing through the wire
first finger - magnetic field direction

98
Q

what is the motor effect used for

A

motors

99
Q

what is electromagnetic induction

A

generating a current by using changing magnetic feilds

100
Q

what are 2 ways to induce a current

A

moving the magnets
moving the wire

101
Q

what are 2 ways to change the direction of the current induced in electromagnetic induction

A

changing the direction of motion of the wire
changing the direction of the magnetic feild

102
Q

what are 3 ways to increase the size of the current induced in electromagnetic induction

A

move wire faster
use stronger magnets
use more loop of wire

103
Q

what piece of technology uses electromagnetic induction

A

generators

104
Q

why are slip rings needed in generators

A

prevent the wires in the circuit from twisting

105
Q

what technology do microphones use

A

electromagnetic induction

106
Q

what technology does the loudspeaker use

A

motor effect

107
Q

what is the purpose of the microphone

A

convert soundwaves into electrical signals

108
Q

describe how a microphone works

A
  1. as a soundwave hits the diaphragm its compressions and rarefactions will cause the diaphragm to move back and forth
  2. the diaphragm will be attached to a coil of wire that will move with the diaphragm
  3. the movement of the wire will induce a current that mimics the soundwave as there will be interacting magnetic fields
109
Q

what is the purpose of a loudspeaker

A

converts electrical signals into soundwaves

110
Q

what are the 3 pieces of a loudspeaker

A

coil of wire
permanent magnet
cone

111
Q

what is the purpose of a transformer

A

used to change the potential difference of a current

112
Q

describe how a transformer works

A

An alternating current will flow through a primary source, which will produce a magnetic field in the iron core. the magnetic field will be induced across the secondary coil but with a different potential difference

113
Q

what is the efficiency of a transformer

A

100%

114
Q

what is the national grid

A

a system of wires that transmit electricity from power stations to our homes

115
Q

what are the 2 types of transformers

A

step-up transformer
step-down transformer

116
Q

what are the steps between electricity from power stations getting to your home

A

step-up transformer
then step down the transformer

117
Q

why is a step-up transformer used

A

it will decrease the current which will reduce the amount of energy wasted

118
Q

what voltage is electricity sent at on the national grid

A

132kV

119
Q

describe the movement of particles in solids

A

particles vibrate around fixed positions

120
Q

describe the movement of particles in liquids

A

particles can move past each other randomly

121
Q

describe the movement of particles in gases

A

move around very fast and randomly

122
Q

what is solid to gas

A

sublimation

123
Q

what is gas to solid

A

deposition

124
Q

what is meant by density

A

the amount of matter that is contained per unit of volume

125
Q

what is the formula for density

A

density = mass/volume

126
Q

what is the most dense state

A

solid

127
Q

what is the specific heat capacity

A

The thermal energy must be transferred to change the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1C.

128
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water

A

4200J/KgC

129
Q

what is the formula for change in thermal energy (using specific heat capacity)

A

change in thermal energy = mass * Specific heat capacity * temp change

130
Q

what is specific latent heat

A

the energy required to change 1 kg of material from one state to another

131
Q

what are the 2 types of specific latent heat

A

specific latent heat of fusion
specific latent heat of vaporisation

132
Q

what is the specific latent heat of fusion

A

the energy needed to change between solid and liquid

133
Q

what is the specific latent heat of vaporisation

A

the energy needed to change between gas and liquid

134
Q

what is gas pressure

A

the force exerted by gas particles colliding with the walls of a container

135
Q

what are 3 ways to increase pressure

A

increase temperature
increase the mass of gas
decrease the volume of gas

136
Q

how does temperature affect pressure

A

when their is a high temperature. each particle will have a greater kinetic energy making them move faster. this increases the frequency of colluisiopns between the molecules and the walls of the container each second therefore the force exerted on the wall will increase which increases the pressure

137
Q

what is absolute zero in calcium

A

-273

138
Q

how do you go from Celcius to Kelvin

A

add 273

139
Q

how do you go from kelvin to celcius

A

subtract 273

140
Q

what is absolute zero in terms of gas pressure

A

where the gas volume shrinks to zero

141
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure

A

inversely proportional

142
Q

describe how lowering volume increases pressure

A

decreasing the volume causes the gas particles to collide more frequently with the walls of the container

143
Q

what is pressure measured in

A

Pascals

144
Q

why does the temperature of gas increase when it is bein compressed quickly

A

as work is being done to compress it there will be a rise in te

145
Q

what is the elastic distortion

A

mean that a material will return to its original shape when the force is removed

146
Q

what is an inelastic distortion

A

means that a material will not return to its original shape when the deforming shape is removed

147
Q

what is the elastic limit

A

the point where an object will no longer return to its original shape

148
Q

what is the formula for the force exerted on a spring

A

spring constant * extension

149
Q

what is the formula for energy transferred in stretching

A

energy = 0.5 * spring constant * extension squared

150
Q

which 3 factors affect whether an object will sink or not

A

upthrust
weight of object
density of fluid

151
Q

what is upthrust

A

an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object

152
Q

for an object to float its density has to be

A

less than that of the fluid

153
Q

what is the formula for pressure

A

pressure = force/area

154
Q

pressure due to a column of liquid =

A

height * density * gravity strength

155
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure

A

100 000Pa

156
Q
A

Physics Paper 2 (10 decks)

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