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Chapter 20 Pregnancy > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The Union of an egg cell and a sperm cell

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2
Q

What must the sperm cell do to reach the secondary oocyte?

A

Move upward through the uterus and uterine tube

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3
Q

What do prostaglandins in the semen do? What are prostaglandins?

A

Stimulate lashing of sperm tails

Lipids/ fats

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4
Q

What causes the oocyte cell membrane to prevent the entrance of more than one sperm?

A

the head portion of the sperm enters the oocyte, leaving the tail behind, triggering the oocyte cell membrane to release enzymes that hard the oocyte wall

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5
Q

What does the oocyte membrane do once one sperm head has entered the oocyte?

A

It releases enzymes that harden the oocyte wall, preventing any other sperm to enter

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6
Q

What is the fertilized egg now called?

A

A zygote

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7
Q

When does pregnancy begin?

A

When the developing offspring nestles into the lining of the uterus

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8
Q

How do fraternal twins form? Aka?

A

Two oocytes are released from the ovaries and fertilized

Fraternal aka dizygotic twins

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9
Q

How are identical twins formed? Aka?

A

Fertilization of a single oocyte which sprites into two cell masses
Identical aka monozygotic twins

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10
Q

What is a defining characteristic of identical twins?

A

They are always the same sex

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11
Q

What happens shortly after the zygote forms? What period is this in?

A

It undergoes mitosis, giving rise to two new blastomeres

30 hours after forming, the prenatal period

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12
Q

What is cleavage?

A

The division of blastomeres into smaller cells which multiply

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13
Q

Where do cells move during cleavage? How long does this take?

A

To the uterus

About 3 days

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14
Q

By the time a group of cells reaches the uterus (cleavage), what has occurred?

A

A solid ball of 16 cells called a morula has formed

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15
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid ball of 16 cells

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16
Q

What happens when the morula hollows out?

A

It forms a blastocyst

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17
Q

What does a blastocyst do?

A

It begins to attach itself to the upper posterior wall of the uterus (endometrium)

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18
Q

Upper posterior wall of the uterus aka (2 things)

A

Back wall

Endometrium

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19
Q

What does the blastocyst give rise to, and what does this turn into?

A

Several specialized stem cells

Certain cells on the inner face of the blastocyst organize into a group called the inner cell mass

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20
Q

What does the formation of the inner cell mass mark? What is this called?

A

The beginning of the embryonic stage

An embryo

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21
Q

When does the embryonic stage last till?

A

The 8th week

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22
Q

When is the offspring a fetus?

A

After the 8th week of pregnancy and into birth

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23
Q

When does the placenta form? By what? What is the placenta?

A

During the embryonic stage
The cells surrounding the embryo and the cells of the endometrium
a complex vascular structure

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24
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Attaches the embryo to the uterine wall and exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes between the maternal blood and the embryo’s blood

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25
Q

When does the embryonic stage extend through?

A

The eighth week of prenatal development

26
Q

What does the inner cell mass organize into?

A

A flattened embryonic disk with two distinct layers, an outer ectoderm and an inner endoderm

27
Q

What do the ectoderm and endoderm eventually form?

A

They fold and form a third layer called the mesoderm

28
Q

What do all organs of the offspring form from? What is another word for this?

A

The endoderm, ectoderm, and the mesoderm

The three layers are called the primary germ layers

29
Q

What is a gastrula?

A

The two week embryo, with its three primary term layers

30
Q

What do ectoderm all cells give rise to?

A

The nervous system, the epidermis, hair, nails, and glands of the skin

31
Q

What do mesodermal cells form?

A

All types of muscle tissue, bone tissue, and blood marrow

32
Q

What do endodermal cells produce?

A

The linings of the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

33
Q

What is the chorion?

A

The embryonic portion of the placenta

34
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Another membrane which develops around the embryo during the second week of the embryonic stage

35
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

The fluid which fills the space between the amnion and the embryonic disc which helps prevent jarring movements by the mother

36
Q

What are the two other (than the amnion) extra-embryonic membranes which form?

A

The yolk sac and the all android

37
Q

When does the yolk sac form and where?

A

During the second week and attaches to the underside of the embryonic disc

38
Q

What does the yolk sac form?

A

Blood cells in the early stages of development and cells that later become sex cells

39
Q

When does the allantois form? What does it give rise to?

A

During the third week

It forms blood cells and gives rise to the umbilical arteries and veins

40
Q

When does the fetal stage begin? When does it end?

A

At the end of the eighth week of development and it lasts until birth

41
Q

When are upper limbs fully developed?

A

The reach the relative length that they will remain throughout development during the third month

42
Q

What has happened by the twelfth week of pregnancy?

A

The external reproductive organs are distinguishable as male or female

43
Q

In the fourth month what happens to the fetus development wise?

A

The body grows rapidly and reaches a length of up to 20 cm.

44
Q

What will a four month old fetus do?

A

Startle and turn away from a bright light flashed on a woman’s stomach and may react to sudden loud noises

45
Q

What happens in the fifth month of pregnancy?

A

Growth slows and the lower limbs reach their final relative proportions
Hair begins to grow on the head

46
Q

What happens during the sixth month of pregnancy?

A

The fetus gains substantial weight

Eyebrows and eyelashes grow

47
Q

What happens in the seventh month of pregnancy?

A

Fat is deposited in the subcutaneous tissues
The eyelids open
And the fetus is about 40 cm. long

48
Q

At the 9th month of pregnancy what happens?

A

The fetus is full term
It is about 50 cm. long and weighs 2.7-3.6 kilograms
It has well-developed fingernails
The baby is facing upside down with the head facing the cervix-the lower 1/3 of the uterus

49
Q

What does the umbilical vein do?

A

Transport blood which is rich in oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

50
Q

Where does some blood which eventually goes to the umbilical vein go first?

A

About half of the blood it carries passes into the liver, and the rest enters a vessel called the ductus venosus

51
Q

What does the ductus venosus join?

A

The inferior vena cava, which brings blood into the heart

52
Q

Where does blood in the fetus go after entering the inferior vena cava?

A

It enters the fetal right atrium and is shunted into the left atrium through an opening in the atrial septum called the foramen ovale

53
Q

What is the name of the opening in the atrial septum of the fetus? What happens here?

A

The foramen ovale

Blood from the fetal right atrium is shunted directly into the left atrium through this opening

54
Q

How does most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypass the lungs?

A

By entering a fetal vessel called the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of the aortic arch

55
Q

When does the neonatal period begin? When does it end?

A

At birth and it extends into the end of the first four weeks

56
Q

Infancy begins at _____ and lasts until ______.

A

Four weeks

One year

57
Q

Do newborns have a high or low metabolic rate?

A

High

58
Q

What does the newborn typically use for energy?

A

It uses stored fat for energy

59
Q

How does the foramen ovale close?

A

As blood pressure in the left atrium rises, the valve on the left side of the atrial septum closes the foramen ovale

60
Q

What happens to the valve on the left side of the atrial septum after birth?

A

It closes the foramen ovale by gradually fusing with the tissues along the margin of the foramen

61
Q

What does the fully formed placenta consist of?

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

Chapter 20 Pregnancy (4 decks)

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