Alexander II Flashcards
Who was his tutor?
Vasily Zhukovsky
When sevastopol fall?
Sept 1855
What was the peace treaty called?
Treaty of paris
How many peasant uprisings were there in decade leading upto Crimean war?
300
When was a secret committee set up to look into emancipation?
1857
When did alexander start giving pro emancipation speeches?
1858
What did zemstva have no control over?
Taxes and the police
Who were local officials appointed by and what powers did they have?
Appointed by provincial governor and could veto decisions
How was conscription changed?
Compulsory for all classes, from 21 - 15 yrs service/ 10 reserves
What was abandoned in milyutin’s reforms?
Military colonies
What was improved in the military?
Better provisioning & medical care; new weaponry & command structure
What was the range of russian rifles in comparison to british & french in the crimean war?
Had half the range
What were set up in Milyutin’s reforms?
Military colleges
What in turn improved as a result of the military reforms?
Literacy rates
What were the courts set up to deal especially with peasant cases called?
Volost
What reforms were made to the judges?
Appointed by Tsar, got improved training & pay over time
How often were the local justices of the peace elected?
Every 3 years
What was censorship like in court rooms?
Could be freely reported
What happened for the first time under the new censorship reforms?
Foreign publications were sold in Russia
How many books were being published, in 1855; 1864 then 1894?
1,020; 1,836 & 10,691
However what could the ministry of internal affairs do?
Fine publishers
Who was in control of education?
The zemstva
How did primary schools grow in 1880?
From 8,000 to 23,000
What was rise in kids in primary education?
400k to 1m +
How much of govt spending was on debt?
1/3
What was abolished in economic reforms?
Tax farming
Who was appointed minister of finance?
Mikhail von Reutern
What were set up in 1860, 62, & 69?
Central bank; municipal banks; savings banks
How did the rail network expand from 1860 to 1878?
1,000 miles to 13,979 miles
What was the max loan a business could take out?
1.8 billion roubles (£22.5 million)
What happened in 1863 that caused a turn around in the treatment of Jews and Poles?
The polish rebellion
What powers did governor generals gain in 1879?
Emergency powers to prosecute in military courts & to exile political prisoners
Whose case outlined the problem in show trials?
Vera Zasulich - found not guilty of shooting governor of St Petersburg Dmitri Trepov
Who was appointed Minister of education later on?
Dmitry Tolstoy
What did gimnazii schools stop teaching?
Natural sciences
What did gimnazii schools stop teaching?
Natural sciences
What body gained control over rural schools?
The church
As of 1871, which students could go to university?
Students from higher gimnaziya schools
What was Barschina?
Payment through labour
By what percentage did the size of peasant land holdings fall in Ukraine after emancipation?
30.8%
In which year were towns given Dumas?
1870
Educated strand of liberal opposition
Intelligentsia
Direct taxation on newly emancipated serfs
Redemption Payment
Which group assassinated Alexander II?
The People’s Will
What was the secret police called?
The third section
What was Russia’s grain production like, in comparison to the west?
1/3 of what UK and Germany produced, Rye production 80% of what France and U.S produced
Why, mechanically speaking, were Russian farmers behind their western counterparts?
They used Wood Ploughs
How much of the army was literate by the mid 1860’s?
7%
What changed in 1864?
What to learn decided by school boards (run by zemstva)
How did schooling change in the 1870’s?
In 1870, Tolstoy removed some of Zemstva’s power, by 1877 ministry had almost complete control over zemstva
What did Alexander do after the emancipation of the serfs?
Replaced his liberal ministers with more conservative ones
What was the Tchaikovsky circle?
Established by Nikolai Tchaikovsky in 1968/9 - published revolutionary literature
Who translated the communist manifesto and Das Kapital into Russian, and when did it happen, what happened to the author as a consequence?
Mikhail Bakunin - CM = 1869, DK =1872, he was exiled
What did Sergei Nechaev call for?
For students to assassinate the Tsar in book ‘Catechism of a revolutionary’
What did land and liberty do in 1878?
Assassinated general mezemtsev (head of third section)
Which peaceful branch of land and liberty was shut down in 1881?
Black repartition
What did ‘Young Russia’ call for in 1862?
“Bloody and merciless revolution” - written by students
What was the first govt newspaper called and when was it first issued?
Ruskii - 1865
How much of Govt revenue came from indirect taxation?
2/3
Who had train track mileage changed from 1866 to 1878?
2,194 to 13,979
How had train traffic changed from 1866 to 1883?
3m tons to 24m tons
How much of the vote did the gentry hold?
45%
What was Loris-Melikov’s constitution?
A plan to draw up a national committee
What were town and rural populations like in 1855 and 1881?
5% and over 75%
Who was the initial minister for education?
Golovnin
