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Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 > Alexander II > Flashcards

Alexander II Flashcards

1
Q

Who was his tutor?

A

Vasily Zhukovsky

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2
Q

When sevastopol fall?

A

Sept 1855

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3
Q

What was the peace treaty called?

A

Treaty of paris

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4
Q

How many peasant uprisings were there in decade leading upto Crimean war?

A

300

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5
Q

When was a secret committee set up to look into emancipation?

A

1857

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6
Q

When did alexander start giving pro emancipation speeches?

A

1858

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7
Q

What did zemstva have no control over?

A

Taxes and the police

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8
Q

Who were local officials appointed by and what powers did they have?

A

Appointed by provincial governor and could veto decisions

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9
Q

How was conscription changed?

A

Compulsory for all classes, from 21 - 15 yrs service/ 10 reserves

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10
Q

What was abandoned in milyutin’s reforms?

A

Military colonies

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11
Q

What was improved in the military?

A

Better provisioning & medical care; new weaponry & command structure

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12
Q

What was the range of russian rifles in comparison to british & french in the crimean war?

A

Had half the range

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13
Q

What were set up in Milyutin’s reforms?

A

Military colleges

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14
Q

What in turn improved as a result of the military reforms?

A

Literacy rates

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15
Q

What were the courts set up to deal especially with peasant cases called?

A

Volost

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16
Q

What reforms were made to the judges?

A

Appointed by Tsar, got improved training & pay over time

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17
Q

How often were the local justices of the peace elected?

A

Every 3 years

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18
Q

What was censorship like in court rooms?

A

Could be freely reported

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19
Q

What happened for the first time under the new censorship reforms?

A

Foreign publications were sold in Russia

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20
Q

How many books were being published, in 1855; 1864 then 1894?

A

1,020; 1,836 & 10,691

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21
Q

However what could the ministry of internal affairs do?

A

Fine publishers

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22
Q

Who was in control of education?

A

The zemstva

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23
Q

How did primary schools grow in 1880?

A

From 8,000 to 23,000

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24
Q

What was rise in kids in primary education?

A

400k to 1m +

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25
Q

How much of govt spending was on debt?

A

1/3

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26
Q

What was abolished in economic reforms?

A

Tax farming

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27
Q

Who was appointed minister of finance?

A

Mikhail von Reutern

28
Q

What were set up in 1860, 62, & 69?

A

Central bank; municipal banks; savings banks

29
Q

How did the rail network expand from 1860 to 1878?

A

1,000 miles to 13,979 miles

30
Q

What was the max loan a business could take out?

A

1.8 billion roubles (£22.5 million)

31
Q

What happened in 1863 that caused a turn around in the treatment of Jews and Poles?

A

The polish rebellion

32
Q

What powers did governor generals gain in 1879?

A

Emergency powers to prosecute in military courts & to exile political prisoners

33
Q

Whose case outlined the problem in show trials?

A

Vera Zasulich - found not guilty of shooting governor of St Petersburg Dmitri Trepov

34
Q

Who was appointed Minister of education later on?

A

Dmitry Tolstoy

35
Q

What did gimnazii schools stop teaching?

A

Natural sciences

36
Q

What did gimnazii schools stop teaching?

A

Natural sciences

37
Q

What body gained control over rural schools?

A

The church

38
Q

As of 1871, which students could go to university?

A

Students from higher gimnaziya schools

39
Q

What was Barschina?

A

Payment through labour

40
Q

By what percentage did the size of peasant land holdings fall in Ukraine after emancipation?

A

30.8%

41
Q

In which year were towns given Dumas?

A

1870

42
Q

Educated strand of liberal opposition

A

Intelligentsia

43
Q

Direct taxation on newly emancipated serfs

A

Redemption Payment

44
Q

Which group assassinated Alexander II?

A

The People’s Will

45
Q

What was the secret police called?

A

The third section

46
Q

What was Russia’s grain production like, in comparison to the west?

A

1/3 of what UK and Germany produced, Rye production 80% of what France and U.S produced

47
Q

Why, mechanically speaking, were Russian farmers behind their western counterparts?

A

They used Wood Ploughs

48
Q

How much of the army was literate by the mid 1860’s?

A

7%

49
Q

What changed in 1864?

A

What to learn decided by school boards (run by zemstva)

50
Q

How did schooling change in the 1870’s?

A

In 1870, Tolstoy removed some of Zemstva’s power, by 1877 ministry had almost complete control over zemstva

51
Q

What did Alexander do after the emancipation of the serfs?

A

Replaced his liberal ministers with more conservative ones

52
Q

What was the Tchaikovsky circle?

A

Established by Nikolai Tchaikovsky in 1968/9 - published revolutionary literature

53
Q

Who translated the communist manifesto and Das Kapital into Russian, and when did it happen, what happened to the author as a consequence?

A

Mikhail Bakunin - CM = 1869, DK =1872, he was exiled

54
Q

What did Sergei Nechaev call for?

A

For students to assassinate the Tsar in book ‘Catechism of a revolutionary’

55
Q

What did land and liberty do in 1878?

A

Assassinated general mezemtsev (head of third section)

56
Q

Which peaceful branch of land and liberty was shut down in 1881?

A

Black repartition

57
Q

What did ‘Young Russia’ call for in 1862?

A

“Bloody and merciless revolution” - written by students

58
Q

What was the first govt newspaper called and when was it first issued?

A

Ruskii - 1865

59
Q

How much of Govt revenue came from indirect taxation?

A

2/3

60
Q

Who had train track mileage changed from 1866 to 1878?

A

2,194 to 13,979

61
Q

How had train traffic changed from 1866 to 1883?

A

3m tons to 24m tons

62
Q

How much of the vote did the gentry hold?

A

45%

63
Q

What was Loris-Melikov’s constitution?

A

A plan to draw up a national committee

64
Q

What were town and rural populations like in 1855 and 1881?

A

5% and over 75%

65
Q

Who was the initial minister for education?

A

Golovnin

Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (7 decks)

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