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envs 1126 final > after exam 3 > Flashcards

after exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What fecal indicator microbes were measured in the study “Influence of Hurricane Katrina on Water Quality”?

a.
Both E. Coli and Enterococcus

b.
Enterococcus

c.
Fecal coliforms

d.
E. Coli

A

a.
Both E. Coli and Enterococcus

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2
Q

The two most important nutrient elements for aquatic plant growth are

a.
carbon and helium.

b.
nitrogen and carbon.

c.
phosphorus and nitrogen.

d.
phosphorus and plutonium.

A

c.
phosphorus and nitrogen.

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3
Q

Point sources of pollution can include all of the following except

a.
coal mines.

b.
power plants.

c.
storm water drainage.

d.
factories.

A

c.
storm water drainage.

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4
Q

The state of no dissolved oxygen levels is known as

a.
anoxia

b.
hypoxic zone

c.
hypoxia

d.
dead zone

A

a.
anoxia

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5
Q

The trickling-filter system and the activated-sludge system both require

a.
the addition of large amounts of chlorine.

b.
high levels of carbon dioxide.

c.
the addition of large amounts of ammonia.

d.
high levels of oxygen.

A

d.
high levels of oxygen.

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6
Q

Which of the following farming practices were recommended to mitigate the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico just west of the Mississippi River?

a.
Crop rotation between soybeans and corn

b.
Increased use of ammonia as a fertilizer

c.
Switching from raising corn to raising cattle

d.
Increased use of no-till farming (nitrogen retention) and decreased fertilizer use

A

d.
Increased use of no-till farming (nitrogen retention) and decreased fertilizer use

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7
Q

Which of the following is the best management practice for reducing pollution from nonpoint sources?

a.
animal waste management

b.
integrated pest management

c.
porous pavements

d.
all of the above

A

d.
all of the above

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8
Q

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measures ____________, and a CTD measures__________.

a.
the speed and direction of the water; the salinity and temperature of the water

b.
the speed and direction of the water; the density of the water

c.
the salinity and temperature of the water; the density of the water

d.
the density of the water; the salinity and temperature of the water

A

a.
the speed and direction of the water; the salinity and temperature of the water

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9
Q

The people using a river increase their health risks the most if they use the same area of the river for drinking, bathing and
a.
washing clothes.

b.
disposal of sewage.

c.
religious rituals.

d.
public boat transportation.

A

b.
disposal of sewage.

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10
Q

Anaerobic conditions will most likely be generated in a natural water system with

a.
low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is contaminated by pollutants with high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values.

b.
high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is contaminated by pollutants with high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values.

c.
high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is contaminated by pollutants with low biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values.

d.
low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is contaminated by pollutants with low biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values.

A

a.
low levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) that is contaminated by pollutants with high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values.

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11
Q

Quantitative analysis of oil in the environment is often problematic because

a.
oil’s distribution in the environment is homogeneous

b.
oil compounds have small molecular weights

c.
oil compounds have large molecular weights

d.
oil’s distribution in the environment is heterogeneous

A

d.
oil’s distribution in the environment is heterogeneous

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12
Q

Several students are discussing the role of governments and their ability to address major problems. With your experiences in environmental science, you speak up and note that one way the U.S. federal government has impacted our lives is by passing landmark legislation dramatically improving the quality of natural waterways. In fact, in 1972, one of the most important environmental laws ever passed was the

a.
Lakes, Rivers, and Streams Act.

b.
Clean Water Act.

c.
Rivers and Harbors Act.

d.
Water Pollution Control Act.

A

b.
Clean Water Act.

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13
Q

One effective oil cleanup strategy used in the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill was

a.
applying dispersants in offshore waters

b.
burning oil in surface waters

c.
using fertilizers to speed up bioremediation

d.
using booms to contain oil in surface waters

A

a.
applying dispersants in offshore waters

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14
Q

Phosphate was a limiting factor to algae growth in Lake Washington near Seattle. In 1960s, eutrophication of the lake was largely addressed by limiting levels of

a.
nitrates from point source discharges of pollution.

b.
nitrates from nonpoint source discharges of pollution.

c.
phosphate from nonpoint source discharges of pollution.

d.
phosphate from point source discharges of pollution.

A

d.
phosphate from point source discharges of pollution.

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15
Q

Which one of the following represents a way to reduce point-source pollution contributing to cultural eutrophication?

a.
increase the use of contour farming and crop rotation

b.
remove nutrients from sewage-treatment effluents

c.
include runoff detention ponds in subdivisions

d.
increase the use of vegetated waterways

A

b.
remove nutrients from sewage-treatment effluents

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16
Q

Which one of the following processes does not contribute to the development of hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico?

a.
Eutrophication caused by the input of nutrients via the Mississippi River

b.
Eutrophication caused by the input of chemical pollutants via the Mississippi River

c.
Physical stratification caused by saline gradients in the Gulf

d.
Physical stratification caused by temperature gradients in the Gulf

A

b.
Eutrophication caused by the input of chemical pollutants via the Mississippi River

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17
Q

In the water body with intermediate depths, seasonal O2 depletion problems are most common

a.
Incorrect

b.
Correct

A

b.
Correct

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18
Q

______ use(s) natural decomposers and detritus feeders to break down waste.

a.
Raw sludge

b.
Secondary treatment

c.
Primary treatment

d.
Grit chambers
Feedback

A

b.
Secondary treatment

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19
Q

The method illustrated in these figures is testing water for
(hw 10 q. 19)

a.
eutrophicant fertilizers.

b.
oxygen levels.

c.
bacterial contamination.

d.
fungal infections.
Feedback

A

c.
bacterial contamination.

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20
Q

Secchi depth is a measure of

a.
nutrients

b.
pathogens

c.
chemical toxicants

d.
light penetration into a waterbody
Feedback

A

d.
light penetration into a waterbody

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21
Q

A small neighborhood pond averaging about 3 meters in depth reveals all the signs of cultural eutrophication, most likely from runoff of lawn fertilizers used by the residents. The water is very cloudy and oxygen levels remain very low, resulting in few fish that can survive. To provide some opportunities for the neighborhood kids to regularly catch fish, the neighborhood association decides to purchase, install, and run a large water fountain in the middle of the pond. Instead of addressing the symptoms of cultural eutrophication, the neighborhood association could address the cause of the problem by

a.
aerating the pond with underwater pipes.

b.
treating the pond with copper sulfate.

c.
reducing the use of lawn fertilizers.

d.
draining the pond every few years.

A

c.
reducing the use of lawn fertilizers.

22
Q

A lake that averages 20 feet of water depth experiences extreme eutrophication. In this lake, we would expect to find

a.
abundant fish, high oxygen levels, but very cloudy water.

b.
low numbers of living fish, low oxygen levels, and very cloudy water.

c.
abundant fish, high oxygen levels, and very clear water.

d.
fewer fish than usual, lower oxygen levels, and very clear water.
Feedback

A

b.
low numbers of living fish, low oxygen levels, and very cloudy water.

23
Q

According to this figure, what percentage of the population of the United States is using improved sanitation procedures? (hw 10 q. 23)

a.
Less than 50%

b.
60-75%

c.
75-90%

d.
90-100%

A

d.
90-100%

24
Q

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally associated with nutrient enrichment because

a.
dead phytoplankton leads to an increased oxygen demand on the part of decomposers.

b.
nutrients absorb dissolved oxygen.

c.
competition between phytoplankton and fish for oxygen.

d.
phytoplankton uses oxygen in photosynthesis.

A

a.
dead phytoplankton leads to an increased oxygen demand on the part of decomposers.

25
Q

The ______ is a measure of the amount of organic material in water stated in terms of how much oxygen will be required to break it down biologically, chemically, or both.
a.
infectious agent report

b.
millipore quotient

c.
pathogenic determinant

d.
biochemical oxygen demand

A

d.
biochemical oxygen demand

26
Q

When exposure to a substance is below the threshold level, we expect to see

a.
no ill effects.

b.
acute but no chronic effects.

c.
chronic but no acute effects.

d.
short-term but no long-term effects.

A

a.
no ill effects.

27
Q

At the Stockholm Convention of 2004,

a.
all attending nations signed a pledge to prohibit manufacture and use of BPA.

b.
the European Union lifted its ban of BPA.

c.
funds were made available to clean up toxic chemical spills in developing nations.

d.
some of the most toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were banned or restricted.

A

d.
some of the most toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were banned or restricted.

28
Q

Which of the following strategies is the most preferred way of EPA to manage MSW?

a.
reduce MSW sources

b.
burn as much MSW as possible in WTE facilities

c.
compost organic components of MSW

d.
recycle MSW as much as possible

A

a.
reduce MSW sources

29
Q

You want to purchase 5 pounds (80 ounces) of potato chips for your group’s party. You can buy the chips packaged in many different ways. Which of the following represents the best way to reduce excessive packaging and the MSW burden on the environment? To reduce the greatest amount of packaging, you should purchase

a.
ten 8-ounce bags.

b.
eight 10-ounce bags.

c.
two 40-ounce bags.

d.
six 15-ounce bags.

A

c.
two 40-ounce bags.

30
Q

In the United States, the Toxics Release Inventory monitors and reports the release of more 600 chemicals from

a.
industries and small businesses but not homes.

b.
natural sources, such as volcanoes and natural oil spills.

c.
industries, small businesses, and homes.

d.
industries but not small businesses or homes.

A

industries but not small businesses or homes.

31
Q

Given the history of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in British Columbia ecosystems, we would expect to find the highest concentrations of POPs in

a.
salmon living in the oceans.

b.
grizzly bears that regularly eat the salmon from the oceans.

c.
algae in the oceans.

d.
water in the oceans.

A

b.
grizzly bears that regularly eat the salmon from the oceans.

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT contributing to increasing the amount of MSW?

a.
Increased use of disposable materials and excessive packing

b.
World population growth

c.
Production of garbage patches

d.
Lifestyle change

A

c.
Production of garbage patches

33
Q

The two natural organic compounds on the left (ethylene and ethane) have been chemically converted into (hw 11 q.8)

a.
radioactive isotopes.

b.
heavy metal insecticide.

c.
halogenated hydrocarbons.

d.
biodegradable and non-toxic herbicides.
Feedback

A

c.
halogenated hydrocarbons.

34
Q

A city is considering the location of its next landfill. According to EPA requirements for new landfills, the city should consider

a.
a low swampy region near a river.

b.
an elevated region above the groundwater table.

c.
a region near an airport.

d.
a region prone to earthquakes.

A

b.
an elevated region above the groundwater table.

35
Q

After cleaning up a lawn mower, Jason piles up a bunch of gas and oil soaked rags in the corner of the garage. During the night, the rags undergo spontaneous combustion, setting fire to the garage before the fire could be extinguished. According to HAZMAT guidelines, these rags exhibited a dangerous level of

a.
ignitability.

b.
neutrality.

c.
corrosivity.

d.
toxicity.

A

a.
ignitability.

36
Q

What percentage of municipal solid waste in the United States is recycled? Select one:

a.
20-29%

b.
40-49%

c.
30-39%

d.
10-19%

A

c.
30-39%

37
Q

Which one of the following requires companies that discharge hazardous substances to publicly report what and how much they are discharging?

a.
RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)

b.
TSCA (Toxic substances Control Act)

c.
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act)

d.
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act)

A

d.
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act)

38
Q

Lingering in a long line at the dry cleaners, waiting for holiday clothing, a woman starts to feel dizzy and tired with a quickly developing headache. Someone suggests that her symptoms might be from breathing something used in the shop. A substance that can cause such symptoms, and is commonly used in dry cleaning, is a

a.
halogenated hydrocarbon, PERC.

b.
radioactive hydrocarbon.

c.
safe and gentle natural compound.

d.
heavy metal.

A

a.
halogenated hydrocarbon, PERC.

39
Q

The harmful effect of toxic pollutants above the threshold level is most closely related to the

a.
concentration and duration of exposure.

b.
first appearance of chronic effects.

c.
concentration of exposure.

d.
duration of exposure.

A

c.
concentration of exposure.

40
Q

A system of integrated waste management involves

a.
only recycling.

b.
only landfills.

c.
a combination of ways to better handle MSW.

d.
only composting.

A

c.
a combination of ways to better handle MSW.

41
Q

WTE combustion facilities like the one illustrated here (hw 11 q. 16)

a.
do not cause air pollution.

b.
increase the volume of MSW that must be buried in landfills.

c.
contribute to extending the life of landfills by decreasing waste volume.

d.
ultimately increase the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity.

A

c.
contribute to extending the life of landfills by decreasing waste volume.

42
Q

The piece of federal legislation that created the Superfund is

a.
RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)

b.
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act)

c.
SWDA (Solid Waste Disposal Act)

d.
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act)

A

b.
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act)

43
Q

The hazardous-waste disposal system illustrated in this figure represents (hw 11 q. 18)

a.
a secure landfill.

b.
a best-demonstrated available technology.

c.
a deep-well injection.

d.
an on-site surface impoundment.

A

d.
an on-site surface impoundment.

44
Q

Plastics are the most common form of marine debris and they are found in all sizes in the ocean. The majority of plastics found on the ocean’s surface are microplastics which are less than ________in length.

a.
50 millimeters

b.
5 millimeters

c.
5 centimeters

d.
0.5 millimeters

A

b.
5 millimeters

45
Q

The single largest component of municipal solid waste in the United States is

a.
food wastes

b.
yard wastes

c.
paper and paperboard

d.
plastics

A

c.
paper and paperboard

46
Q

Which of the following is the three goals of reducing solid waste?

a.
reduce, recycle, and remove

b.
reduce, reuse, and refund

c.
return, reuse, and recycle

d.
reduce, reuse, and recycle
Feedback

A

d.
reduce, reuse, and recycle

47
Q

Acronyms such as NIMBY, BANANA, NIMTOO, and LULU summarize the

a.
perceptions of people regarding where to build landfills.

b.
types of materials that are buried within landfills.

c.
many forms of recycling programs that can reduce MSW.

d.
many pollution problems that result from landfills.

A

a.
perceptions of people regarding where to build landfills.

48
Q

The statement, “Water can be a poison,” is an example of

a.
the water quality of the Baton Rouge Public Water System

b.
no agent has a single effect

c.
a sensitive population

d.
dose makes the poison

A

d.
dose makes the poison

49
Q

An abandoned field in an industrial region has been found to contain high levels of nonbiodegradable organic compounds. Recognizing the specific nature of the contaminants, plants that accumulate these chemicals are grown on the soil and then disposed of as toxic waste. This cleanup method illustrates

a.
phytoremediation.

b.
remediation by incineration.

c.
bioremediation.

d.
hydroponic intervention.

A

a.
phytoremediation.

50
Q

Which one of the following scenarios would be characterized as a brownfield?

a.
The groundwater that is the source of drinking water for the community of Toms River, New Jersey, is contaminated with numerous carcinogenic compounds that leached into the groundwater from a leaky surface impoundment where a chemical company that made dyes from coal tar discharged its liquid wastes for several decades

b.
The site of a former service station is abandoned because the underground fuel tanks below the site were found to have developed leaks.

c.
The groundwater below a site where the U.S. Army previously manufactured nerve gas is contaminated with a witch’s brew of carcinogenic compounds that leached into the groundwater because the Army disposed of its liquid wastes in an unlined surface impoundment

d.
Residential homes are built over a site where hundreds of 55-gallon drums full of toxic waste were dumped in an abandoned quarry and subsequently covered with a veneer of soil. People living in the homes are experiencing an unusual incidence of cancer and birth defects.

A

b.
The site of a former service station is abandoned because the underground fuel tanks below the site were found to have developed leaks.

envs 1126 final (5 decks)

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