Advanced Functional Groups Flashcards by Eric Baumgardner

Acyl Group

An acyl group is a functional group with formula RCO^- where R is bound to the carbon atom with a single bond.

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Acyl Halide

An acyl halide is a functional group with formula R-COX where X is a halogen atom.

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Aldehyde Functional Group

The aldehyde functional group has the formula RCHO. It has the prefix aldo- and the suffix -al.

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Alkenyl Functional Group

The alkenyl functional group is a type of hydrocarbon functional group based on an alkene. It is characterized by its double bond.

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Alkyl Functional Group

In patent chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen. The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions in chemical patents. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula C_nH_2n+1. Image is an example of an Isopropyl group, the simplest form.

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Alkynyl Functional Group

The alkynyl functional group is a hydrocarbon functional group based on an alkyne. It is characterized by its triple bond.

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Azide Functional Group

The formula for the azide functional group is RN₃^-

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Azo Group (or Diimide Group)

The formula for the azo or diimide functional group is R-N₂-R’

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Benzyl Functional Group

The benzyl functional group is a hydrocarbon functional group derived from toluene, a substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C₆H₅CH₂^-. Benzyl features a benzene ring attached to a CH₂ group.

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Bromo Functional Group

The bromo functional group is a bromoalkane characterized by a carbon-bromine bond.

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Buytl Functional Group

The molecular formula for the butyl functional group is RC₄H₉.

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Carbonate Functional Group

The carbonate ester functional group has the formula ROCOOR’ and derived from carbonate. (image of ethylene carbonate IUPAC name 1,3-dioxolan-2-one)

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Carbonyl Functional Group

The carbonyl functional group is based on the ketone group. It has the formula RCOR’. The prefix for this group is keto- or oxo- or its suffix is -one.

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Carboxamide Functional Group

The formula for a carboxamide group is RCONR₂.

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Carboxyl Functional Group

The formula for the carboxyl functional group is RC=OOH. It is based on carboxylic acid.

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Carboxylate Functional Group

The formula for the carboxylate functional group is RCOO⁻. The carboxylate group is based on carboxylic acid and has the carboxy- prefix or -oate suffix.

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Chloro Functional Group

The chloro functional group is a chloroalkane. It is characterized by a carbon-chlorine bond. (chlorotoluene pictured)

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Cyanate Functional Group

The formula of the cyanate functional group is ROCN.

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Fluoro Functional Group

The fluoro functional group is a fluoroalkane. It contains a carbon-fluorine bond.

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Decyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for the decyl functional group is R-C₁₀H₂₁ .

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Disulfide Functional Group

The formula for the disulfide functional group is RSSR’.

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Ester Functional Group

The formula for the ester functional group is RCOOR’.

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Ether Functional Group

The general formula for the ether functional group is ROR’.

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Ethyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for the ethyl functional group is C₂H₅.

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Halo Functional Group

The halo functional group refers to any haloalkane, or alkane containing an atom of a halogen, such as chlorine, bromine, or fluorine. The halo functional group contains a carbon-halogen bond.

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Haloformyl Functional Group

The haloformyl functional group is an acyl halide characterized by a carbon-oxygen double bond and a carbon-halogen bond.

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Heptyl Funcitonal Group

The molecular formula for the heptyl functional group is RC₇H₁₅.

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Hexyl Functional Group

The molecular formula for the hexyl functional group is RC₆H₁₃.

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Hydrazone Functional Group

The hydrazone functional group has the formula R₂C=NNH₂.

Hydroperoxy Functional Group

The formula for the hydroperoxy functional group is ROOH. It is based on hydroperoxide.

Hydroxyl Functional Group

The hydroxyl functional group is an oxygen-containing group based on an alcohol or -OH group.

Imide Functional Group

The formula for the imide functional group is RC(=O)NC(=O)R’.

Iodo Functional Group

The iodo functional group is an iodoalkane with a carbon-iodine bond.

Isocyanate Functional Group

The formula for the isocyanate functional group is RNCO.

Isothicyanate Group

The formula for the isothiocyanate group is RNCS.

Ketone Functional Group

Ketone is a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms (neither R nor R’ can be hydrogen atoms).

Methoxy Functional Group

The methoxy group is the simplest alkoxy group. The methoxy group is commonly abbreviated -OMe in reactions.

Methyl Functional Group

The molecular formula for the methyl functional group is R-CH₃.

Methyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

-CH₃

Nitrate Functional Group

The general formula for a nitrate is RONO₂.

Nitrile Functional Group

The formula for the nitrile functional group is RCN.

Nitrite Functional Group

The formula for the nitrosooxy or nitrite functional group is RONO.

Nitro Functional Group

The formula of the nitro functional group is RNO₂.

Nonyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for the nonyl functional group is R-C₉H₁₉.

Octyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for the octyl functional group is R-C₈H₁₇.

Pentyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for pentyl functional group is R-C₅H₁₁.

Peroxy Functional Group

The formula for the peroxy functional group is ROOR’. The peroxy group is based on peroxide. If the R’ is hydrogen, the compound is called an organic hydroperoxide.

Phenyl Functional Group

The phenyl functional group is a hydrocarbon functional group derived from benzene, formula R-C₆H₅

Phosphate Functional Group

The formula for the phosphate functional group is ROP(=O)(OH)₂.

Phosphine Functional Group (or Phosphino Functional Group)

The formula for a phosphine is R₃P.

Phosphodiester Group

The formula for the phosphodiester group is HOPO(OR)₂.

Phosphoric Acid Group

The formula for the phosphonic acid functional group is RP(=O)(OH)₂.

Primary Aldimine Group

The formula of the primary aldimine functional group is RC(=NH)H. The primary aldimine is a type of primary imine, in which C is attached to both a hydrocarbyl and a H.

Primary Amine Group

The formula for a primary amine is RNH₂.

Primary Ketimine Group

The formula of the primary ketimine group is RC(=NH)R’. This is a type of primary imine, in which C is attached to two hydrocarbyls.

Propyl Functional Group Chemical Structure

The molecular formula for the propyl functional group is R-C₃H₇.

Pyridyl Functional Group

The formula for the pyridyl group is RC₅H₄N. The location of the nitrogen in the ring varies, 2-pyridyl shown. The pyridyl functional group is a derivative of pyridine, with one H replaced with an R group, which is itself a derivative of benzene, with one methine group (=CH-) replaced by a nitrogen.

Quaternary Ammonium Ion

The formula for the quaternary ammonium cation is R₄N⁺. The quaternary ammonium ion is a type of functional group based on an amine.

Secondary Aldimine Group

The secondary aldimine functional group has the formula RC(=NR’)H. It is a type of secondary imine, in which a C is attached to both a hydrocarbyl and a H.

Secondary Amine Group

The formula for a secondary amine is R₂NH. A secondary amine group is a type of amine.

Secondary Ketimine Group

The formula of the secondary ketimine functional group is RC(=NR)R’. The secondary ketimine is a type of secondary imine, in which C is attached to two hydrocarbyls.