Acute vs Chronic Inflammation (incl APR, neutrophil migration)

Question 1

5 cardinal signs of inflammation- mechanisms?

Answer 1

heat, redness, (increased blood flow),
swelling (accumulation of fluid & cells),
pain (pressure on nerve endings),
loss of function (tissue damage; esp chronic inflamm)

Question 2

predominant cell types in acute vs chronic

Answer 2

acute- neutrophils

chronic- macrophages & T-lymphocytes

Question 3

4 stimuli for an acute inflammation response

Answer 3

infection, tissue damage, toxin, foreign substance

Question 4

3 cytokines associated with acute inflammation
vs
3 cytokines associated with chronic inflammation

Answer 4

acute: IL18, IL 1beta, TNFalpha
chronic: IL17, TNFalpha, IFNgamma

Question 5

inflammatory mediators- 3 ex? which cells produce them? which type of inflammation?

Answer 5

• histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
• made by mast cells & basophils
• acute inflammation

Question 6

what triggers the release of inflammatory mediators in acute inflamm?

Answer 6

anaphylotoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a)

Question 7

what compounds recruit neutrophils to the tissues? (acute)

Answer 7

C5a, IL8, leukotriene B4,

N-formyl methionyl peptides (from bacteria)

Question 8

what compound mediates vasodilation? (acute)

Answer 8

bradykinin

Question 9

2 vascular responses in acute inflammation

Answer 9

1) vasodilation (via bradykinin)

2) increased vascular permeability (leads to edema)

Question 10

chronic inflammation- what cells trigger macrophage activation & recruitment? via what cytokines?

Answer 10

NK & T cells

IL17, TNFalpha, IFNgamma

Question 11

time course, tissue damage, nature of responses: acute vs chronic inflammation

Answer 11

acute: fast onset, quick resolution/mild tissue damage/physiological response
chronic: slow/progressive onset/severe & progressive tissue damage/ pathological response

Question 12

7 cells associated with acute inflammation

Answer 12

1) Neutrophils!
2) Endothelial cells
3) Mast cells (tissue)
4) Basophils (blood)
5) Eosinophils (tissue & blood)
6) Platelets
7) Fibroblasts

Question 13

8 molecules associated with acute inflammation

Answer 13

1) Pro-inflammatory cytokines
2) Complement
3) Chemotactic cytokines (chemokines)
4) Adhesion molecules (ie E-selectin)
5) Histamine
6) Prostaglandins
7) Leukotrienes
8) Acute phase proteins

Question 14

What is the APR?

Answer 14

acute phase response- creation of a wave of molecular changes (mostly large increases in concentrations)

Question 15

3 fxns of the APR

Answer 15

1) enhance host resistance
2) minimize tissue damage
3) promote resolution & repair of inflammed lesion

Question 16

3 examples of APR in the liver

Answer 16

1) IL1beta => CRP
2) IL6 => C3
3) TNFalpha => fibrinogen

Question 17

how are neutrophils recruited out of blood vessels?

Answer 17

1) PAMPs/DAMPs prompt expression of adhesion molecules (ie E-selectin) on local endothelial cells
2) Neutrophils slow, begin rolling, which triggers expression of integrin & IL8R.
3) Integrin binds ICAM, IL8R binds IL8s on the endothelia => neutrophils stop
4) Neutrophil attracted by C3a, C5a, mast cell mediators in tissue => diapodesis (squeezes out)

Question 18

What triggers the expression of ICAM on blood vessel endothelia?

Answer 18

LPS,

IL1beta, IL6, TNFalpha