acute and chronic inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation

Answer 1

series of protective changes occurring in living tissue as a response to injury

Question 2

characteristics of acute inflammation

Answer 2

it is a dynamic homeostatic mechanism that occurs in higher beings with a living tissue.

Question 3

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 4

what are the causes of acute inflammation

Answer 4

1.microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
2.mechanical such as trauma injury to tissue
all injury even sterile injuries such as surgery might cause injury.
3.chemical causes such as acid and alkali , bile and urine example in the peritoneum.
4.weather conditions which might cause stress on the body.These conditions include ; heat , cold, and ionising radiation.
5.hypersensitivity for example allergic reactions.
6.dead tissue which is caused by necrosis and irritates adjacent tissue.

Question 5

what is microcirculation

Answer 5

this is capillary beds that are fed by arterioles and drained by venules.

Question 6

extracellular compartment has fluid which is drained into the

Answer 6

lymphatic system

Question 7

what is the dynamic balance of the microcirculation capillaries

Answer 7

hydrostatic( blood pressure ) and colloid osmotic pressure ( pressure exerted by the plasma proteins)

Question 8

steps in acute inflammation

Answer 8

1.changes in vessel radius - flow
2.change in the permeability of the vessel wall – exudation of fluid
3.movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space - emigration

Question 9

results of increased diameter of the blood vessels

Answer 9

for increased flow of the blood ; there is always reduced resistance with the increased diameter.

Question 10

triple response

Answer 10

flush , flare , wheal

Question 11

rapid local changes in vessel radius and blood flow. response.

Answer 11

1.few moments after injury there is constriction as a protective measure .
2.there is dilation of the artery .
3.relaxation of the smooth muscle- this is the flush flare wheal.

Question 12

benefits of endothelial permeability

Answer 12

1.movement of materials such as plasma from the extravascular space and this is known as exudation.
2. the rate of flow slows and there is a change in the flow of blood.

Question 13

what is exude ?

Answer 13

this is fluid that is rich in protein and plasma

Question 14

effects of exudation

Answer 14

oedema is formed and there is accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space.

Question 15

describe the normal laminar flow

Answer 15

the erythrocytes on the periphery, the neutrophils on the innermost.

Question 16

what changes are seen in the capillary blood flow during inflammation

Answer 16

there is neutrophil pavementation and adhesion on the endothelial lining .
the red cells aggregate in the centre.

Question 17

phases of migration of the neutrophils

Answer 17

movement to the periphery of the vessel,
adhesion to the surface that is pavementation.
movement out of the vessel that is called emigration

Question 18

examples of acute inflammation

Answer 18

pleural inflammation
appendicitis
acute pyelonephritis
bacterial endocarditis

Question 19

what are the outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 19

nciting agent isolated and destroyed​

macrophages move in from blood and phagocytose debris; ​

then they leave​

epithelial surfaces regenerate​

inflammatory exudate filters away​

vascular changes return to normal​

inflammation resolves​

Question 20

what are the benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 20

apid response to non-specific insult​

cardinal signs and loss of function​

transient protection of inflamed area​

neutrophils destroy organisms and denature antigen for macrophages to phagocytose​

plasma proteins localise process​

resolution and return to normal​

Question 21

what are the names of inflammation on different sites in the body

Answer 21

structure”-itis​

	peritoneal cavity 		-peritonitis ​

	meninges 			-meningitis​

	appendix 			-appendicitis​

lungs -pneumonia​

pleural cavity -pleurisy​

Question 22

what do neutrophils

Answer 22

phagocytosis - they recognise the foreign antigen and they move to it through chemotaxis.
direct killing of the cells - there granules contain enzymes and oxidants such as sodium peroxide that cause degradation of the foreign materials.

Question 23

what is pus

Answer 23

a collection of dead neutrophils ,bits of cells, organisms and endogenous proteins

Question 24

what is the role of plasma proteins in inflammation