Actus reus

Question 1

Is the AR voluntary?

Answer 1

AR must (almost) always be voluntary

Question 2

Case for Voluntary AR

Answer 2

Hill v Baxter

Question 3

is the AR an action

Answer 3

AR are usually an action
• sometimes a conduct alone is an AR such as theft
• some offences require a specific consequence such as murder

Question 4

is the AR a failure to act

Answer 4

Omissions (failure to act) do not usually count

Question 5

is there a duty to act in AR

Answer 5

omissions can be an AR is there is a duty to act

Question 6

case for duty to act due to statue

Answer 6

Children and young persons act 1933

Question 7

case for duty to act due to relationship

Answer 7

R v Gibbons and proctor

Question 8

case for duty to act due to starting a chain of events

Answer 8

R v Miller

Question 9

case for duty to act due to voluntary duty

Answer 9

R v Stone and Dobinson

Question 10

case for duty of care due to Contractual Duty

Answer 10

R v Pittwood

Question 11

case for duty to act due to public/ official position

Answer 11

R v Dythyam