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Gross Anatomy > ACCESSORY ORGANS OF GIT > Flashcards

ACCESSORY ORGANS OF GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major salivary glands

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

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2
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A

Lips, Nose, Buccal Mucosa, palate, pharynx

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3
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid Gland

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4
Q

Relations of Parotid Gland above

A

External auditory meatus and temporo-mandibular joint

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5
Q

What are the relations of Parotid Gland below?

A

Post belly digastric

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6
Q

What are the relations of parotid gland anteriorly

A

Mandible and masseter

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7
Q

Relations of Parotid Gland Medially

A

Styloid process and its muscles

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8
Q

When you have parotitis, why is there pain in the parotid area?

A

Because the inflammatory process is triggered by infection

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9
Q

Structure that surrounds the parotid gland forming the boundaries of the parotid space

A

Parotid bed

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10
Q

Division of Parotid Gland

A

Superficial and Deep Lobes

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11
Q

Structures that divides parotid gland into superficial and deep lobes

A

Facial Nerve
Retromandibular vein
External Carotid Artery

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12
Q

Also called Post Facial vein formed by the superficial temporal and maxillary. It is usually located behind the lower jaw.

A

Retromandibular vein

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13
Q

Artery dividing at the neck of the mandible into the superficial temporal and maxillary area

A

External carotid artery

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14
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal Mandibular
Cervical
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15
Q

Facial nerve gives rise to 2 divisions. What are these?

A

Temporofacial (upper)

Cervicofacial (lower)

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16
Q

What do temporofacial emits?

A

temporal, zygomatic and buccal branch going into the mouth area

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17
Q

What do cervicofacial emits?

A

mandibular (going to submandibular branch) and the cervical branch

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18
Q

Other name for Parotid Duct

A

Stensen’s Duct

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19
Q

Where does parotid gland emits saliva?

A

towards the upper region of the mouth where the upper teeth are located

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20
Q

Condition where pain occurs with just trigger of smell of food and start salivating

A

Parotitis

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21
Q

Superficial lobe lies at the angle of the jaw, wedge between the mandible and mylohyoid and overlapping the digastric

A

Submandibular gland

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22
Q

Superficial relations of Submandibular gland

A

Skin, platysma, capsule (deep fascia) , cervical branch of facial nerve, and facial vein

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23
Q

Deep Relations of Submandibular Gland

A

lies against the mylohyoid for the most part but posteriorly lies on the hyoglossus and comes in contact with the lingual and hypoglossal nerves

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24
Q

Duct from the submandibular gland

A

Submandibular duct

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25
Q

flap of mucous membrane (frenum) beneath the tongue, a condition that sometimes interferes with protrusion of the tongue

A

Frenulum linguae

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26
Q

Lies beneath the mucosa of the floor of the mouth along the side of the tongue

A

submandibular duct

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27
Q

Condition where parotid gland may be infected with either bacterial or virus becoming acutely inflamed

A

Parotitis

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28
Q

What is the common site for stone or calculus formation?

A

Submandibular Gland

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28
Q

What is the common site for stone or calculus formation?

A

Submandibular Gland

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29
Q

Presence of swelling below the body of the mandible or as you age

A

Calculi or stone formation

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30
Q

Larges organ or gland of the body

A

Liver

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31
Q

What is the major function of liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile

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32
Q

What gland have these functions?

  • Fats, Carbs and Protein Metabolism
  • Filtration of blood removing bacteria and other foreign particles that have gained entrance to lood
  • Produces heparin
A

Liver

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33
Q

What is the detoxifying function of the liver

A

Produces bile pigment from hemoglobin of worn out RBC and secretes bile salts

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34
Q

What divides liver into right and left lobes?

A

Falciform Ligament

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35
Q

Quadrant where liver is located?

A

Right Upper Quadrant (beneath the diaphragm)

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36
Q

What covers the liver?

A

Completely by Fibrous Capsule

Partially by Peritoneum

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37
Q

What is the divisions of Right lobe of the liver?

A

Composed of quadrate and caudate lobes divided by Gallbladder, Ligamentum teres fissure, Inferior Vena Cava and Ligamentum venosum fissure

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38
Q

What organ is affected if there is pain on the right, below the costal margin?

A

Liver

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39
Q

Weight of Liver according to Gender

A
  1. 4-1.6 kg in males (heavier)

1. 2-1.4 kg in females

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40
Q

Weight of liver according to age

A

Larger in fetus (1/18) than adults (1/36)

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41
Q

Contains the ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament)

A

Falciform ligament

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42
Q

The round ligament or ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of ?

A

Umbilical vein

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43
Q

How many round ligaments are there in the human body?

A

1 round ligament in the liver

2 round ligaments of the uterus in females

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44
Q

Attaches the right lobe of liver to right diaphragm

A

coronary ligament

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45
Q

Impressions in the inferior surface of the liver

A 
Gastric Impression
Tuber omentale
Quadrate loe
Colic impression
Renal Impression
Duodenal Impression
Caudate process
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46
Q

What surface of the liver is in contact with the abdominal wall?

A

Superior

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47
Q

Describe the inferior surface of the liver

A
  • Uneven, concave

- Almost completely invested by peritoneum except gallbladder fossa and porta hepatis

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48
Q

What glands are connected or in touch with the inferior side of the liver?

A

Stomach, duodenum, right colic flexure, right kidney and suprarenal gland

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49
Q

Describe the superior surface of the liver

A
  • Convex, fits under the vault of diaphragm
  • Middle part lies behind xiphoid process
  • In contact with abdominal wall
  • Covered by peritoneum except along falciform ligament
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50
Q

Impression molded over antero-superior surface of stomach

A

Gastric impression

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51
Q

Impression rounded eminence, concavity of lesser curvature, anterior to lesser omentum

A

Tuber omentale

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52
Q

Impression

pylorus, superior portion of duodenum, transverse colon

A

Quadrate lobe

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53
Q

Impression

Anterior, shallow, right colic flexure

A

Colic impression

54
Q

Impression

Posterior deeper, right kidney and suprarenal gland

A

Renal impression

55
Q

Impression: descending portion of duodenum

A

Duodenal impression

56
Q

Connects caudate lobe with right lobe

A

Caudate process

57
Q

Describe the posterior surface of liver

A
  • Rounded and broad behind R lobe, narrow on L lobe
  • Bare area
  • Between upper and lower layer of coronary ligament
  • Inferior vena cava between caudate lobe and bare area
  • widest part, in contact with diaphragm
58
Q

Impression in the posterior surface of the liver which is a small triangular depressed area above renal impression

A

Suprarenal impression

59
Q

Hilus of the liver

A

Porta Hepatis

60
Q

Where is porta hepatis located?

A

Posteroinferior surface and it lies between the caudate and quadrate lobe
Attached with upper part of lesser omentum

61
Q

What are the structures porta hepatis contain?

A 
Right and left hepatic ducts
Right and left hepatic arteries
Portal vein
Nerves (sympa and para)
Lymph vessels (few hepatic lymph nodes)
62
Q

Usually the liver and gallbladder would drain in this area and send the efferent vessels to the celiac lymph node

A

Porta hepatis

63
Q

Lies between left and quadrate lobe. It is the remnant of the umbilical vein

A

Fissure for ligamentum teres

64
Q

Lies between left lobe and caudate lobe It is the remnant of ductus venosus.

A

Fissure for ligamentum venosum

65
Q

Lies between right lobe and caudate lobe. Hepatic veins drain into it

A

Groove for Inferior Vena Cava

66
Q

Lies between right lobe and quadrant lobe. No peritoneum between it and right lobe

A

Fossa for Gallbladder

67
Q

Describe the visceral surface of the liver (inferior)

A

Shows H-shaped pattern

68
Q

Divides surface into Right and left lobes

A

Left limb

69
Q

Liver

Fissure for ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum

A

Left limb

70
Q

Liver

Gallbladder fossa and Inferior Vena Cava

A

Right limb

71
Q

What are the structures in the Horizontal limb?

Liver

A 
Porta hepatis
Hepatic ducts
Hepatic arteries
Portal vein
Lymphatics
Nerves
72
Q

Distribution of blood vessels conveying blood to the liver

A

30% from hepatic artery

70% from portal vein

73
Q

What envelopes the blood supply of the liver

A

Fibrous capsule of Glission

74
Q

Blood vessels in the liver that have or carries oxygenated blood

A

Celiac artery
Hepatic artery
Right and Left hepatic arteries

75
Q

Blood vessels in the liver that carries venous blood rich in products of digestion

A

Portal vein

Right and left terminal branches

76
Q

Convey blood from the liver

A

Hepatic veins

77
Q

Where does hepatic veins drain into

A

Inferior Vena Cava

78
Q

1/3 of all the body lymph comes from what organ?

A

liver

79
Q

Where does efferent vessels pass to?

A

Celiac nodes

80
Q

Small number of vessels pass from the bare area through the diaphragm to

A

Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes

81
Q

Where does lymph vessels enter to after leaving the liver?

A

Lymph nodes in the porta hepatis

82
Q

From Where does hepatic plexus receives blood supply?

A

Left Vagus nerve and Right phrenic nerves

83
Q

Color of bile

A

Greenish-black

84
Q

Conical or pear-shaped musculomembranous sac

A

Gallbladder

85
Q

How much bile does the gallbladder contain?

A

30-35cc bile (in some books 50cc or mL)

86
Q

How does gallbladder concentrates bile?

A

By absorbing water

87
Q

Where does the upper surface of Gallbladder attached to?

A

Attached to liver by connective tissue

88
Q

What covers the lower surface of the gallbladder

A

Peritoneum which is continuous with liver peritoneum

89
Q

When does the liver stores bile?

A

When digestion is not taking place

90
Q

Stores and concentrates the bile, absorbs bile salts and keeps the bile acid

A

Gallbladder

91
Q

Describe the gallbladder upon dissection

A
  • Very tarry and dark in color

- Could be solid or semi liquid in form depending on the amount of bile stored in it

92
Q

How do you describe the appearance of the permanent folds of mucous membrane of the gallbladder?

A

Honeycomb appearance

93
Q

What is the significance of the folds in the mucous membrane of the gallbladder?

A

It helps to increase the surface area and also contains some amount of microvilli

94
Q

What are the parts of the Gallbladder and describe each

A

FUNDUS - broad extremity, rounded ; directed downward and forward, to the right
BODY - directed upward and backward to the left
NECK - continuous with cystic duct ; upward, backward to the left

95
Q

Projects beyond the anterior border of the gallbladder (below the inferior margin of the liver)

A

Fundus

96
Q

Combines with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

A

Neck of the Gallbladder

97
Q

Relations of the Body of the GB

A

Upper surface - liver
Inferior surface- Transverse colon
Further back- descending portion of duodenum

98
Q

Relations of the Fundus of Gallbaldder

A

Abdominal wall below 9th costal cartilage

Behind the transverse colonn

99
Q

Structure of GB that is completely invested by peritoneum (this is its unique characteristics)

A

Fundus

100
Q

Narrow, curves upon itself like a letter S and has a well-marked constriction at its connection with cystic duct

A

Neck of GB

101
Q

What are the functions of the GB?

A

Reservoir of bile

Concentrates the bile

102
Q

Enumerate the Blood vessels in the GB

A

Cystic artery and cystic vein

103
Q

Branch of right hepatic artery

A

cystic artery

104
Q

Drains directly into portal vein (GB)

A

Cystic vein

105
Q

When does gallbladder dilates or constricts?

A

With bile - dilates

Without bile - Constricts

106
Q

What happens if the GB won’t constrict or dilate?

A

There would be a release of bile in the GI tract causing injury to its mucosal surface

107
Q

What are structures included in the Intrahepatic Biliary System?

A

Bile canaliculi
Bile ductules
Bile ducts

108
Q

Enumerate the Bile ductules

A 
Bile cholangioles (intralobular)
Canals of Hering ( Perilobular)
109
Q

From neck of GB, joins common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

A

Cystic duct

110
Q

Describe the mucosal lining of cystic duct

A

Thrown into crescentic folds
Similar to those found in GB neck
Continuous spiral valve (of Heister)

111
Q

Why is cystic duct described as distended duct?

A

The spaces between folds are dilated giving it a twisted exterior appearance

112
Q

Formed by junction of cystic and hepatic ducts

A

Common bile ducts

113
Q

Where does the common bile duct descends?

A

Descends along the right border of lesser omentum

  • behind the superior portion of duodenum
  • in front of portal vein
  • right of hepatic artery
114
Q

Where does the common bile duct runs?

A

Runs in a groove on right border of posterior surface of pancreatic head

  • situated in from of vena cava
  • Embedded in pancreatic sustance
115
Q

Short tube formed is dilated into an ampulla ; where the pancreatic cancer can be manifested

A

Ampulla of Vater

116
Q

a small opening that enters into the first portion of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. it is the spot where the pancreatic and bile ducts release their secretions into the intestines

A

Ampulla of VAter

117
Q

Where and what forms the ampulla of vater?

A

Formed within duodenal wall (2nd portion)

Formed by junction of common bile duct and main pancreatic duct of Wirsung

118
Q

What are the ducts of pancreas?

A

Pancreatic duct of Wirsung and Santorini duct

119
Q

The common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join together to form the

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (opening)

120
Q

Contains circular smooth muscle;controls secretions; opens and closes like a sphincter allowing secretion of substances

A

Sphincter of Oddi

121
Q

What effect does fracture of the lower rib have in liver?

A

Fracture of the Lower rib could cause penetrating wounds to the thorax or upper abdomen and injur the liver. It can result to severe hemorrhage because liver has a high amount of vasculature

122
Q

Caused by spasm of smooth muscle of the gallbladder in an attempt to expel a gallstone

A

Biliary colic

123
Q

Most common lesion of the GB

A

Acute cholecystitis or pigment stones due to cholesterol stone

124
Q

Acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

125
Q

Describe pancreas

A
  • soft, lobulated organ (appears like a tongue)
  • retroperitoneal
  • lies on the posterior abdominal wall
126
Q

Division of the Pancreas. Describe each.

A

Head - disc-shaped ; within cavity of C-shaped duodenum
Neck - constricted portion ; connects head to body; lies in front of the beginning of portal vein
Body - runs upward and to the left; Triangular cross section
Tail - passes forward in the lienorenal ligament ; in contact with the splenic hilus

127
Q

Nerve supply of the pancreas

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic vagal nerve fibers from celiac plexus

128
Q

Exocrine and Endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Exocrine - secretion of pancreatic amylase, lipase

Endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

129
Q

Trauma of pancreas where sudden low to the abdomen may occur

A

Blunt Trauma (or Sports injury)

130
Q

Buds will appear round or ring-like

A

Annular pancreas

131
Q

Some tissue may be found in the submucosa of the stomach, duodenum of the small intestine, gallbladder and spleen

A

Ectopic pancreas

132
Q

Usually at the head of the pancreas in the bile duct (found at the area of the opening)

A

Pancreatic Cancer

133
Q

Condition where it is difficult to remove pancreas because it has important activity as an endocrine gland

A

Acute pancreatitis

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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