ação

Question 1

que areas ão enviam axónios to the spinal cord?

Answer 1

pre-supplementary motor and pre-dorsal premotor

Question 2

neurons in primary motor cortex fazem o que?

Answer 2

proivide information about the movement before they are executed

Question 3

kinematics

Answer 3

parameters that describe the spatiotemporal form of movement (direction, speed, path, amplitude)

Question 4

kinetics

Answer 4

casual forces and muscle activity, useful to distinguish the dynamic forces(movement) from the static forces(posture) against constant external forces like gravity

Question 5

Georgopoulos experiment

Answer 5

monkey reached diferent directions from a central position towards a target on a circle. Vectorial addiction of all single cell contributions produces a population vector that corresponds to the actual movement

Question 6

Evart experiment

Answer 6

monkey pull the wrist in the direction of flexion or extension, had to alter its level of muscle activity to compensate for the load. Kinematics remained constant but kinetics changed with the load

Question 7

Atividade dos neuronios no primary motor cortex no evart experiment

Answer 7

increases when the load possed to the movement but decreases when the load assistes it

Question 8

Kalaska experiment

Answer 8

movimento igual a georgopoulos mas agora há external loads pulling the arm in different directions. onivel de atividades dos neuronios mudaram confirme a direção dos external loads mudavam

Question 9

Primary motor cortex constributes para o que?

Answer 9

control of static and dynamic output forces

Question 10

implicit learning

Answer 10

takes place without consciously thinking about it and can be retained for long periods of time without thinking about it

Question 11

Explicit learning

Answer 11

acquisiton of knpwledge that can be expressed in statements about the world and is available to introspection

Question 12

Brashers-Krug experiment

Answer 12

subjects making pointing movements with an apparatus. when the force is turned off subjects show a affter effect in the oppositve direction demonstrating they had learned to compensate for the perturbation

Question 13

motor system with two stages

Answer 13

movement planning and execution

Question 14

neurónios do primary motor cortex discharge em q

stage?

Answer 14

execution/mechanical details, less influenciated by context

Question 15

neurónios d premotor and parietal cortices discharge em q stage?

Answer 15

planning stage, depends o context

Question 16

Area F5 (premotor) their discharge está relacionada com o que?

Answer 16

the goal and not the individual movements forming it

Question 17

canonical neurons

Answer 17

neurons that respond to 3D obejcts and the signal from them is identical whether a monkey observs or grasps an object, apenas 20% dos neurónios de F5 sao assim

Question 18

mirror neurons estão onde?

Answer 18

area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex

Question 19

what are mirror neurons?

Answer 19

neurons that discharge both when the monkey perfoms an act or when he observes a similiar act done by another monkey

Question 20

where are the human mirror neurons?

Answer 20

rostral inferior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, ventralpremotor cortex, posterior secotr od the inferior frontal gyrus