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1
Q

what germ layer does the pancreas develop from

A

endoderm

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2
Q

Ovarian cancer is associated with which type of metastasis?

A

transcoelomic

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3
Q

What is the lower reference limit for sperm concentration according to the WHO criteria?

A

15 million per mil

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4
Q

A 16 year old girl has been referred to clinic as she has amenorrhoea. She reports never having periods. Her mother and 2 sisters menarche was at age 12. On examination you note the patient is 152cm tall and BMI 29.0 and secondary sexual characteristics are not developed. Her FSH is elevated. You organise a Karyotype and are phoned as the result is abnormal, what does the result show

A

turners

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5
Q

facial nerve develops from what pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

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6
Q

In patients with endometriosis what is the infertility rate?

A

40%

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7
Q

What is the boundary between the true and false pelvis?

A

pelvic brim

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8
Q

Infantile PKD inheritance pattern

A

autosomal rescessive

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9
Q

The primary stimulus for ADH (anti-diuretic hormone AKA Vasopressin) release is?

A

high serum osmolality

Receptors in the Hypothalamus detect increases in serum osmolality and stimulate the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH. This is the main stimulus.

Vasopressin is also a vasoconstrictor and is stimulated when decreases in plasma volume are detected by baroreceptors in the atria and carotid sinus

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10
Q

Anti-D prophylaxis should be given to women who are rhesus D negative and are having a medical abortion after how many weeks

A

10 weeks

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11
Q

You are consenting a patient for a diagnostic hysteroscopy. What is the approximate risk of uterine perforation in diagnostic hysteroscopy?

A

0.1%

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12
Q

The external anal sphincter is innervated by which nerves?

A

inferior rectal

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13
Q

earliest age for amniocentesis

A

15

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14
Q

A 31 year old women has bloods taken at 12 weeks gestation which show:
Elevated AFP (alpha fetoprotein) and normal pregnany-associated plasma protein A (PAPP A) and unconjugated estriol(uE3)

A

spina bifida

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15
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

V

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16
Q

What is the normal range for urea concentration in an adult?

A

2.5 – 7.8

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17
Q

A 41 year old woman is referred to EPAU with spotting in early pregnancy. What is the risk of miscarriage in women in this age group?

A

50%

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18
Q

A 42 year old smoker attends clinic due to vulval soreness and shows you a number of vulval lumps. Biopsy confirms VIN. What is the approximate risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma?

A

15%

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19
Q

FUNCTION OF GLUCAGON

A

INHIBITS Glycolysis

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20
Q

Regarding lymph drainage of the cervix where does the majority of lymph drain to?

A

EXTERNAL ILIAC

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21
Q

Which of the following hormones are required for alveolar morphogenesis during pregnancy

A

PROLACTIN, PROGESTERONE, HPL

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22
Q

From which germ layer does the anterior pituitary develop?

A

ECTODERM

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23
Q

Duchenne inheritance

A

autosomal recessive

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24
Q

inheritane sickle cell disease

A

autosomal recessive HOMOLOGOUS

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25
Q

drug class causing hyperprolactinamiae

A

antipsychotics

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26
Q

MOA atosiban

A

oxytocin antagonis

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27
Q

risk VBAC uterine rupture

A

1/250

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28
Q

cyst type - multip torsion

A

dermoid

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29
Q

level aorta divides

A

L4

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30
Q

level common iliac divides

A

S1

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31
Q

Gestational age when CRL 30mm

A

10 weeks

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32
Q

vitamin cofactor for glutamic acid formation

A

vit K

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33
Q

vit needed for amino acid formation

A

vit b6

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34
Q

data type mild, mod, severe

A

ordinal

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35
Q

plasma cells originate from what cell type

A

B lymphocytes

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36
Q

Immunoglobulin ass with allergic reactiosn

A

IgE - TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY

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37
Q

What hormone decreases appetite

A

LEPTIN (peptide hormone)type

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38
Q

type 0 submucosal fibroid

A

pedunculated INTRACAVITY

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39
Q

type 1 submucosal fibroids

A

< 50% intramural

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40
Q

type 2 submucosal fibroids

A

> 50% intramural

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41
Q

CI oxybutinin

A

closed angle glaucoma

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42
Q

Nerve passing below inguinal ligament medial to anterior superior iliac spine

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

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43
Q

homologous PAROOPHORON

A

paradidymsis

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44
Q

nerve supplying skin of perineum

A

perineal nerve,

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45
Q

primary opsonin in compliement pathyway

A

C3b

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46
Q

what hormone maintains corpus leuteum in early pregnancy

A

HCG

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47
Q

calculate maternal mortality rate

A

deaths / live births x100,000

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48
Q

The stroma and endometrial glands protrude into the myometrium and there
is symmetrical uterine enlargement. What is the most likely cause?

A

adenomyosis

48
Q
  1. How many genes encoded in mitochondrial DNA?
A

37

48
Q

A 65 yr old nulliparous women presents with vaginal spotting. She has been
postmenopausal for 15 years and does not take hormones. An ultrasound shows a
mass in the uterine fundus. A hysterectomy is performed, and pathologic
examination of the removed uterus reveals heterologous components of a
malignant tumor of the endometrial glands and metaplastic cartilage . Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis ?

A

Endometrial carcinosarcoma

49
Q

Early pregnancy with irregular cycle with vaginal bleeding. Urine pregnancy
test is positive. Her LMP 5 weeks ago. Transvaginal ultrasound shows CRL 6 mm
and lntrauetrine gestational sac with fetal pole. There is no fetal heart beat.
What is the next appropriate step?

A

us 7-10 dayd

50
Q
  1. Kleihauer test is used to determine ?
A

fetal maternal haemorrhage

51
Q

Ultrasound picture of the ovary shows cystic lesion measuring 3.3x 2.5 cm with
echogenic septea. What is the most likely finding?

A

terratoma

52
Q

A 26-year-old woman has just given birth and her newborn baby undergoes
assessment. His body is pink with blue extremities and has a heart rate of 150
beats per minute. He demonstrates grasping, feeble cry and Little flexion on
stimulation. What is the most likely 2TApgar2T score?

A

6

53
Q

What is the most likely histological if ovarian cancer is associate with endometriosis

A

endometriod and clear cell

54
Q

What is the chemical structure of GnRH ?

A

decapeptide

55
Q

Which antibiotic is effective against staph exotoxin?

A

Clindamycin

56
Q

What is the new non invasive prenatal diagnostic test of cell-free fetal DNA of
maternal blood derived from?

A

throphoblast

57
Q

Causes of secondary hyperlipidemia include all the following except:

A. Diabetic mellitus
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Alcohol
E. Nephrotic syndrome

A

Hyperthyroidsim

58
Q

What is the name of the chromosome rearrangement that involves the
transfer of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes?

A

reciprocal translocation

59
Q

What inhibit glucagon release?

A

increased Fatty acids

60
Q

Most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?

A

prolactioma

61
Q

calculate false negative rate

A

FN / TP+FN

62
Q

In which phase of oocyte development does zona pellucida apear around ovum

A

primary oocyte

63
Q

The ureteric buds is derived from

A

mesonephric duct

64
Q

Which is common malignant tumour in newborn?

A

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

65
Q

Vitamin A has 2 diet sources. Plant source is carotene and the animal source

A

Retinol

66
Q

Case of a male with azoospermia and loss of smell(anosmia) diagnosis?

A

Kallman’s

67
Q

31.CNS is the most affected during teratogenesis. What is the first sensation developed in the
fetus?

A

touch. (8 weeks)

68
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dibagatran?

A

direct thrombin inhibtor

69
Q

Pyramidalis is supplied by which nerve?

A

T12, lateral subcostal nerve

70
Q

Gastrulation is process of

A

development 3 germ layers

71
Q

Which drug trial phase primarily assesses the safety of a drug

A

Phase 1

72
Q

LDH elevates in which type of ovarian ca ?

A

dysgermia

73
Q

53.Infection with which one of the following human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is associated with
an increased risk of cervical cancer?

6, 11, 17, 30, 33

A

HPV 33

74
Q

Which enzyme is present in granulosa cells but not in theca cells?

A. 11 b hydroxylase
B. Glucoronidase
C. 17 b hydroxylase
D. Acid Phosphatase
E. Aromatase

A

aromatase

75
Q

Where in body is androgen produced?

A

Zona reticularis

76
Q

26yr woman on COCP with ethyl estradiol 30mcg came in with frequent light bleeding
episodes after 3 weeks of use with negative chlamydia test and negative cx smear. What is
your management?

A

nothing, watch for 3 months

77
Q

HIV positive patient came with ruptured membranes 38 weeks. Already on HAART. Viral
copies 1450. Management?

A

cat 3 LSCS IV Zidovudine

78
Q

During laparoscopy, the remnant of theumbilical artery could be identified sometimes the
it is patent. In the adult the patent segment supplies which vessel?

A

sup vesicle

79
Q

Which test you is used to check ovarian reserves in pre menopausal women

A

anti mullerian hormone

80
Q

The enzyme involve in the final oxidation of uric acid?

A

xanthine oxidase

81
Q

Most enzymes that take part in Kreb’s cycle are located in?

A

mitochondria

82
Q

Positive likelihood ratio

A

Sensitivity/(1-specificity)

83
Q

Natural Killer Cells(NK) is increased significantly at which stage of menstrual cycle?

A

D late secretory

84
Q

Sympathetic supply of bladder largely comes from which nerve

A

hypogastric

85
Q

Which structure in female is homologus to male prostate?

A

skene

86
Q

Rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

87
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from which part of hypothalamus:

A

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei

88
Q

There are 3 components of interaction of ultrasound with the tissue medium: absorption,
scattering, and the third one is…

A

reflection

89
Q

Regarding the following data: mean bmi is 25% and standard deviation is 5, what is the
percentage of obese class 2 and 3?

A

2.5%

90
Q

Ovarian CA associated with mutation of mismatch repair genes

A

endometriod

91
Q

Physiological variation in menstrual cycle between 21 to 35 days due to

A

estrogen fails to produce positive feedback on pituitary

92
Q

Patient with ovarian mass plus pleural effusion histopath revealed white, firm, spindle
shape cells. Diagnosis?

A

fibroma

93
Q

132..There is difficulty in extracting blood in the upper arm, the intern decided to extract
from the femoral vein. What is the relation of the femoral vein to the artery and nerve from
lateral to medial?

A

NAV

94
Q

Psammoma bodies are a histologic feature of ovarian papillary serous cystadenoma. ‘
Psammoma bodies’ are composed of ?

A

Ca

95
Q

23-year-old woman presents with fishy foul smelling vaginal odour. ‘Clue cells’ are found
in the smear. Which of the following cell types is belong to ‘Clue cells’?

A

epithelial

96
Q

Vestibule is

A

between 2 labia MINOR

97
Q

A 28-year-old woman with complete hydatidiform mole is found to have
bilateral multiple tiny ovarian cysts along with an enlarged uterus at 12 weeks’ gestational
age. The quantitative β-hCG level of 300,000 mIU/mL.What is the most likely type of these
ovarian cysts?

A

theca leutin

98
Q

What is the most common adverse effect experienced by women taking the progestogenonly
pill?

A

bleeding

99
Q

What type of drug is carboprost?

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

100
Q

atient has heavy menstrual bleeding. She desires an endometrial ablation to stop
bleeding after failure of medical treatment. Which part of the uterus is destructed to stop
bleeding?

A

basal layer

101
Q

28-year-old woman has undergone emergency hysterectomy due to obstetric
haemorrhage during her 3rd pregnancy. The previous pregnancies were both term Csection
deliveries. Examination of the uterus shows the placenta had invaded through
the full thickness of the myometrium. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

INCRETA (myometrium)

102
Q

What type of Laser is Neodymium: YAG laser?

A

solid

103
Q

From where in the nephron is the enzyme renin secreted

A

JAG

104
Q

Insensible loss of water from sweat and lungs in 70 yr old healthy woman is

A

450mL/kg/24 hours

105
Q

.Which signaling molecule that stimulate the renin-angiotensin system to regulate the
sodium concentration?

A

aldosterone

106
Q

Which class I major histocompatibility complex human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is not
expressed in extravillous trophoblast

A

HLA - A

107
Q

31 yr old c/o subfertility for 2yrs , no medical problem , BMI 38kg/m2 , hormone result :
FSH 8
LH 18
progesterone 4 nm m/l
E2 198
HSG patent bil tubes
U/s poly cystic ovaries ,
Male ( husband ) normal ,
What is most appropriate management :

A

WEIGHT LOSS

108
Q

Thrombosis in protein C deficiency is due to

A

B.Factor 5 and 8a

109
Q

Transport of iodide in the cells is associated with

A

SODIUM

110
Q

Risk “rare”

A

Rare affects between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 1,000 people – ie risk is 0.01% to 0.1%

111
Q

What type of compound is Histones?

A

protein

112
Q

Most important function of Vitamin C

A

collagen

113
Q

Cells in the body produce hormones among them how many are lactotrophs?

A

10-15%

114
Q

ndirect Inguinal Hernia where in relation to inferior epigastric vessels

A

lateral

115
Q

Trophoblast cells that invade the lumen of spiral arteries

A

endovascular trophoblast

116
Q

HPV proliferate in?

A

basal cell of endometrium

117
Q
A

past questions (2 decks)

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