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MEDIA: 9. Ownership and control of media > 9.1 Traditional media and the new media > Flashcards

9.1 Traditional media and the new media Flashcards

- Trends affecting the organisation of the media, including cross-media ownership, digitalisation, media conglomerates and social media. - Debates about who controls the media. - Differences between the traditional media and the new media. - The debate about whether the traditional media has been undermined by the growth of the new media.

1
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

A medium

A

A ‘channel of communication’ - a way of sneding and receiving information.

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2
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Media

A

Refers to communication with large numbers of people.

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3
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What kind of communication is media?

A

One-to-many.

Since one person or team is communicating to many people (an audience).

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4
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What characteristics did Dutton et al. (1998) suggest the media have which sets it apart from other communication forms?

A
  • Impersonal: sender doesn’t know receivers.
  • One-way: producer to audience.
  • Organised: requires internet or printed page etc.
  • Large-scale and simultaneous: millions can receive at once.
  • Commodified: comes at a price, subscriptions etc.
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5
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Old media

A

Newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio and film.

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6
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What kind of media does Dutton et al. (1998)’s characteristics apply to?

A

Old media.

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7
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

New media

A

Mobile phones and personal computers.

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8
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What kind of communication can new media be?

A
  • One-to-one (email)
  • One-to-many (Facebook, Twitter etc.)
  • Many-to-many
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9
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What is a similarity between old and new media?

A

The nature of ownership and control.

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10
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Concentration of ownership

A

Refers to how the media are increasingly owned by a relatively small no. of large corporations and powerful individuals.

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11
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What is the concentration of ownership part of?

A

A long-term, global trend.

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12
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Examples of giant media corporations which are dominating the global media market

A
  • Comcast
  • Alphabet
  • Time Warner
  • Walt Disney
  • Amazon
  • Facebook
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13
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What is the concentration of ownership significant in terms of?

What does this mean?

A

Product diversity.

Consumers are offered a limited range of similar media products, all saying much the same thing.

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14
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What does McChesney (2000) argue about media choice?

A

“There is an appearance of choice but, for example, although satellite and cable television offers hundreds of different channels, the content is largely the same (homogeneous), cheaply made and repetitive.”

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15
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Conglomeration

A

Involves the same company developing interests across different media through a process of diversification and becoming a conglomerate.

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16
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Example of cross-media ownership

A

Fininvest - the media company owned by former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.

It has a diverse range of interests, including television, book, newspaper and magazine publishing.

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17
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

How has Amazon diversified it’s interests?

What about Disney?

A

Amazon started as a bookseller but not publishes and distributes inage media, as well as selling millions of products.

Disney started as a cartoon network but now has films, TV channels, radio, theme parks etc.

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18
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Digitalisation

A

The changing of media form analogue to digital form.

19
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Examples of how mass media have become digitised

A
  • Magazines/newspapers = online editors, websites etc.
  • Music = downloaded or streamed online.
  • TV = can broadcast many channels simultaneously now on-demand.
20
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

Examples of interactive media

A

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Wechat in China and Line in Japan.

21
Q

Trends affecting the organisation of the media

What has the digitalisation of media made possible?

A

Interactive media.

22
Q

Debates about who controls the media

2 types of media ownership

A
  • Private ownership
  • State ownership
23
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Private ownership

A

Refers to companies that are ran for profit by individuals, families or shareholders.

E.g. Rupert Murdoch, who owns a controlling interest in News Corporation, a global media company which publishes newspapers, films, books etc.

24
Q

Debates about who controls the media

State ownership

A

Involves government controls that differ between societies.

E.g. In China, the governments directly oversee the content of state-run television and tightly control internet access.

25
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Example of state-owned media in the UK

A

BBC.

26
Q

Debates about who controls the media

What is the significance of media ownership?

A

Whoever owns the media has the potential to decide what sort of info the audience recieves.

This means they can censor things.

27
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Censorship

A

Deliberately excluding things from the media.

This can be direct or indirect.

28
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Why may owners censor the media?

A

If the information is critical of their company, someone may decide not to publish it.

29
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Why is censorship less likely with state ownership?

A

State-owned companies may be subject to political control over what they can broadcast of publish.

30
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Who may have more control over the media than the owners themselves?

A

Senior workers, referred to as controllers.

31
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Who do pluralists such as Galbraith (1967) argue control the media?

A

A ‘technocratic managerial elite’ who, however well paid, remain employers rather than employers.

32
Q

Debates about who controls the media

Rather than individuals, who are many media organisations owned by?

What does this mean for media control?

A

Shareholders.

Where no singled shareholder has overall control of a company, directors and managers make all the important day-to-day business decisions.

33
Q

Debates about who controls the media

In a competitive world, what do consumers exercise a huge influence over?

What does this mean?

A

Organisational behaviour.

If consumers do not like what they are being offered, an organisation must respond to their demands or risk being driven out of business by other companies who are more willing to adapt.

34
Q

Debates about who controls the media

If media companies are forced to compete, who does the power really lie in the hands of?

A

Consumers.

35
Q

Differences between the traditional media and the new media

According to Davis and McAdam (2000), what has globalisation encouraged diversity and competition through?

A

A ‘new economic shift’.

36
Q

Differences between the traditional media and the new media

Modern media conglomerates

A

Seen as diverse organisations that operate in a wide range of different markets and cater for an equally wide range of consumer needs/demands.

The economic situation results in many different types of publication, from print to broadcasting to digital media.

37
Q

Differences between the traditional media and the new media

What has globalisation meant media corporations have become?

How are they able to respond to new technological developments due to this?

A

Networks that operate across national boundaries, with flexible organisation structures that allow them to respond to new technological developments.

38
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

How has media consumption changed?

A

New technologies have made it possible for different types of media to be consumed on the same device at the same time.

Whilst this changes how people use the media, the media are in most cases able to adapt, finding new ways to reach audiences.

39
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

How has audio changed?

A

There are more radio stations, since digital consumption allows for more broadcasting, they can reach new global audiences.

People stream music online with Spotify and other services, as well as podcasts.

40
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

How has newspaper consumption changed?

A

Newspapers have adapted to new technology and media, though some have struggled since people expect news to be freely available online.

There has been a significant, long-term decline in the percentage of the adult population reading a daily newspaper in many countries.

Through digital forms, there is now wider readership and people spend more time reading the news.

41
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

How has TV consumption changed?

A

Many more channels and avaliability nowadays due to the expansion and development of digital television.

This has resulted in a changing TV audience, with a greater proportion of younger viewers and different levels of access to digital television.

People are less likely to watch TV as a family, except for ‘communal events’ such as the World Cup.

There’s also greater programme diversity.

42
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

What has TV lost its role as?

A

A unifying force for nations.

43
Q

Whether the traditional media has been undermined by the new media

What has Weinberger (2012) argued about info available on the internet?

What does this question?

A

‘For every fact on the internet, there is an equal and opposite fact.’

This questions the effectiveness of the media’s ideological role.

MEDIA: 9. Ownership and control of media (3 decks)

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