Stress, Coping and Psychological Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of how people think, feel and behave

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2
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

When thinking about a person’s health and well being you must think about the biology, psychology and sociology.

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3
Q

Identify some physiological responses to stress

A

Increased oxygen availability (breathing)
Increased fuel availability (glucose liberation)
Preparation of tissue for damage (blood clotting)
Enhanced mental functioning
Conservation of energy resources
Enhanced physical functioning (CO, BP)

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of stress?

A

Alert - first exposed
Resistance - too much, body working over homeostatic levels
Exhaustion - physiologically and psychologically depleted

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5
Q

Describe the transactional model of stress

A

We look at the demands in our life and appraise them against the resources we have to deal with them. If we think we don’t have the resources then we get the stress response.

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of stress appraisal?

A
Primary = Is this event a threat? How bad could it be?
Secondary = Do I have the resources/skills to cope?
Reappraisal = reconsidering the situation once you have tried to cope
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7
Q

What are the 2 most important factors that influence the effects of stress?

A
Control (how much do you feel you have?)
Social support (do we have people to protect us from stress or to help us cope?)
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8
Q

Describe some impacts of stress on health

A

Physical damage - CVS
Immune system up regulated
Unhealthy behaviours - alcohol, smoking
Mental health - rumination, lack of control, anxiety, depression

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9
Q

Name 3 cognitive disorders associated with stress

A

Overgeneralisations
Catastrophising
Personalisation

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10
Q

Define rumination

A

Reflecting or dwelling on negative thoughts

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11
Q

What are the 5 strategy types for management of stress?

A
Cognitive 
Behavioural 
Emotional 
Physical
Pharmacological
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12
Q

What are the 2 coping styles?

A

Emotion focussed = behavioural and cognitive approaches (do something and change how you think about it)
Problem focussed = reduce demands of stressful situation, expand resources

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13
Q

Why is co-morbid depression so bad?

A

Exacerbate the pain/distress of a physical health problem

Adversely affect illness outcomes

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14
Q

What are the barriers to recognising psychological problems?

A

Symptoms inadvertently missed
Patients may not disclose
HCPs may avoid asking - time/expertise/reluctance

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15
Q

Name 3 learning theories

A

Classic - associative (Pavlov)
Operant - reward/punishment
Social learning theory - model your behaviour on others

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16
Q

Describe CBT

A

Combination of concepts from cognitive and behavioural therapy
Relieve symptoms by changing maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and behaviours

17
Q

Give examples of behavioural therapy ideas

A

Graded exposure to feared situations
Activity scheduling
Reinforcement

18
Q

Give some examples of cognitive therapy ideas

A

Education
Monitoring
Examining/challenging negative thoughts
Rehearsal of coping with difficult situations

19
Q

Give examples of things that CBT is used to treat

A

Depression
Anxiety states
Eating disorders
Sexual dysfunction

20
Q

Who is CBT suitable for?

A

Patient who are keen to be active participants
Those who engage collaboratively
Those who can accept a model emphasising thought and feeling
Those who are able to articulate their problem and are practically seeking solutions

21
Q

What are the 2 types of psychodynamic therapy?

A

Focal

Analytic

22
Q

Describe focal psychodynamic therapy

A

Identity conflicts from early experience that are re-enacted in adult life
Use the relationship with the therapist to resolve these

23
Q

Describe analytic psychodynamic therapy

A

Allow unconscious conflicts to be reenacted with the therapist and interpreted

24
Q

What are the patient requirements for psychodynamic therapy?

A

Capacity to tolerate mental and emotional pain

Interest in self-exploration

25
Q

Describe systemic/family therapy

A

Focus on relational context
Address patterns of interaction and meaning
See people within their social context and talk to their families

26
Q

Describe humanistic/client-centred therapy

A

No universal definition
Relies on general counselling skills
Can help coping with immediate crises if there is already motivation and willingness to problem solve

27
Q

What do we consider when choosing a therapy?

A

Problem: nature, chronicity, severity, complexity
Patient: ‘psychological mindedness’, capacity to tolerate pain, preference for short/long term treatment

28
Q

What are the components of the negative cognitive triad?

A

Negative view of self
Negative view of the world around
Negative view of the future

29
Q

Name some anxiety disorders

A
Panic disorder
Social anxiety 
Specific phobias
OCD
Body dysmorphic disorder
PTSD
30
Q

How does CBT help anxiety?

A

Reduce avoidance
Cease safety-seeking behaviours
Exposure
Test beliefs

31
Q

Define psychotherapy

A

The systematic use of a relationship between a patient and a therapist as opposed to physical and social methods to produce changes in feelings, cognition and behaviour.