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GI System > 8. Upper GI Malignancy > Flashcards

8. Upper GI Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

In general terms, what can cause dysphagia?

A

Extraluminal
Intraluminal
Luminal - progressive dysphagia

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2
Q

What are the ALARM symptoms for dysphagia?

A 
Anaemia
Loss of weight - unintentional
Anorexia
Recent onset of progressive symptoms 
Masses/Malaena
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3
Q

What are more specific causes of dysphagia?

A

Benign - strictures, foreign bodies, nerves
Malignant - (type of carcinoma links to its epithelium) stratified squamous (squamous cell carcinoma), columnar epithelium (adenocarcinoma)

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4
Q

What are most oesophageal cancers?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma, lower 1/3 can develop adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophageal cancer?

A

Barrett’s

Smoking

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6
Q

What investigations can you do to see oesophageal cancer?

A

Endoscopy

Barium swallow

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7
Q

What is the prognosis of oesophageal cancer?

A

5% in 5 years

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8
Q

What are some causes of epigastric pain?

A

Benign - gastritis, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis

Gastric cancer

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9
Q

What are the red flags in epigastric pain?

A

Malaena

Haematemesis

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10
Q

What are some causes of haematemesis?

A

Gastric cancer

Varices, ulcers, Mallory-Weiss

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11
Q

What are gastric cancers usually?

A

Adenocarcinoma in cardia or antrum

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for gastric cancer?

A 
Smoking
High salt diet
Family history
H. Pylori
Male
Increased age
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13
Q

What investigation can be done to identify gastric cancer?

A

Endoscopy

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14
Q

What is the prognosis of gastric cancer?

A

10% 5 year survival rate

Up to 50% if surgery

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15
Q

What are some rarer gastric cancers?

A

Gastric lymphoma

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) - sarcoma

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16
Q

What are the red flags with jaundice?

A

Unintentional weight loss
Hepatomegaly (irregular border)
Ascites
Painless

17
Q

What are possible malignancies with jaundice?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma - links to underlying condition (chronic inflammation)
Metastasis in liver due to portal circulation - breast, colon, lung, skin, ovaries, etc.

18
Q

What are the 3 ways metastasis can travel?

A

Haematogenous
Lymph
Transcoelomic - through body cavity

19
Q

What are most pancreatic cancers?

A

Exocrine - ductal adenocarcinoma

20
Q

What is a rare form of pancreatic cancer?

A

Neuroendocrine

21
Q

What is the presentation of ductal adenocarcinoma?

A

Head of pancreas - jaundice

Tail of pancreas - malabsorption

22
Q

What are some risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A 
Family history
Smoking
Male
Increased age
Chronic pancreatitis
23
Q

What is the prognosis for pancreatic cancer?

A

Extremely poor - months

24
Q

What are some rarer cancers that can cause jaundice?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

GI System (26 decks)

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