8. genomic sequencing Flashcards
what is genomics
the study of genomes
describe genomes and their relation to genomic sequencing
Genomes are very big, their sizes differ enormously between species, and are measured in millions of base pairs
In genomic sequencing the sequence of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes or entire genomes
Describe bioinformatics
comparing sequence data through the use of computer and statistical analyses
how are computers involved in genomic sequencing
computer programmes can be used to identify base sequences by looking for sequences similar to known genes
describe the use of restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) when analysing sequences of nucleotides
these are a set of enzymes that each recognise a particular, unique sequence of four to six base pairs and cut the sequence in a consistent, known pattern.
what is phylogenetics
the study of evolutionary history and relationships
we can use DNA sequence data to study the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms
what is sequence divergence used for
to estimate the time since lineages diverged (phylogenetic tree)
what kind of evidence can be used to determine the main sequence of events in evolution
phylogenetics and molecular clocks
the sequence of events in evolution can be determined by…
sequence data and fossil evidence
what are molecular clocks
are used to show when species diverged during evolution
they assume a constant mutation rate (over millions of years) and show differences in DNA sequences or AAcid sequences
the fewer the number of genetic differences…
the more recently that they shared a common ancestor
therefore, differences in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor
describe pharmacogenetics (personal genomics and health)
an individual’s genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases
pharmacogenetics is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs
what is personalised medicine
an individuals personal genome sequence used to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease
