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4 BAB > 6 Hearing > Flashcards

6 Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles help with the attenuation reflex?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

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2
Q

When is the attenuation reflex useful?

A

listening to speech

when we talk

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3
Q

what is an issue with the attenuation reflex?

A

doesn’t protect from sudden intense sounds

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4
Q

What does the attenuation reflex do?

A

eliminates high intensity low frequency sounds

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5
Q

What are the 3 areas in the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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6
Q

What is the perilymph located?

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

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7
Q

Where is the endolymph located?

A

scala media

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8
Q

What other bodily fluid is perilymph similar to?

A

CSF

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9
Q

What are the contents of perilymph?

A

Low K+ - 7mM

High Na+ - 140 mM

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10
Q

What other bodily fluid is endolymph similar to?

A

Intracellular fluid

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11
Q

What are the contents of the endolymph?

A

High K+ - 150mM

Low Na+ - 1mM

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12
Q

What is the endocochlear potential?

A

of the endolymph

80mV

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13
Q

What maintains the endocochlear potential?

A

ionic conc gradients

Reissner’s membrane permeability

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14
Q

What maintains the difference in ion content between perilymph and endolymph?

A

stria vascularis reabsorbes Na+ and secretes K+

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15
Q

Name 3 additional structures in the scala media

A

stria vascularis
organ of corti
tectorial membrane

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16
Q

What separates the scala vestibuli and scala media?

A

Reissner’s membrane

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17
Q

What separates Scala tympani and scala media?

A

Basilar membrane

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18
Q

What is the opening in the scala vestibuli called?

A

oval window

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19
Q

What is the opening in the scala tympani called?

A

round window

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20
Q

What is the communication betwen the scala vestibuli and scala tympani called?

A

helicotrema

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21
Q

Does the basilar membrane detect lower frequencies at the apex or the base?

A

apex

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22
Q

What are the 3 components of the organ or cort?

A

hair cells
Rods of Corti
Supporting cells

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23
Q

How many stereocilia does each hair cell have?

A

100

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24
Q

Whata re the 2 types of hair cells?

A

inner hair cell

outer hair cell

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25
Q

Where are inner hair cells?

A

between modiolus and rods of corti

26
Q

Are spiral ganglion cells unipolar or bipolar?

A

bipolar

27
Q

What happens to the hair cells when pushed agaisnt the tectorial membrane?

A

in one direction, tip links open mechanically gates K+ channels, depolarising the membrane

in other direction - close - hyperpolarisation

28
Q

Name the type of K+ channels found in hair cells

A

TRA1 channels

29
Q

Which cells are innervated by more spiral ganglion cells, inner hair cells or outer hair cells?

A

inner hair cells

30
Q

What motor protein is involved in the cochlear amplifier?

A

prestin

31
Q

What happens in the cochlear amplifier?

A

motor proteins change length of outer hair cells

32
Q

What phenomenon is caused by cochlear amplification?

A

otoacoustic emissions

33
Q

What do outer hair cells respond to sound with?

A

receptor potential

change in length

34
Q

What is the characteristic frequency?

A

the frequency a neuron is most responsive to

35
Q

What is tonotopy?

A

systematic organisation of characteristic frequency within an auditory structure

36
Q

How do afferents from the spiral ganglion enter the brain stem?

A

auditory - vestibular nerve

37
Q

What nuclei in the brainstem receive auditory input from the auditory-vestibular nerve?

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus

ventral cochlear nucleus

38
Q

where does audtiory information go from the ventral cochlear nucleus?

A

superior olive

39
Q

Where does auditory information go from the superior olive?

Via what?

A

along the laterall lemniscus to the inferior colliculus

40
Q

Where does the auditory information go from the inferior colliculus?

A

MGN

41
Q

Where does auditory information go from the MGN?

Via what?

A

Auditory cortex

via the internal capsule in an array called the acoustic radiation

42
Q

Why might tonotopy be enough to code frequency alone?

A

maps don’t contain neurones with very low frequencies (below 200Hz)

region of basilar membrane maximally displaced by a sound depends on its intensity as well as frequency

43
Q

What is phase locking?

A

consistent firing of a cell at the same phase of a sound wave

44
Q

what is the volley priniciple?

A

intermmediate sound frequencies are represented by the pooled activity of multiple neurones, each firing in a phase-locked manner

45
Q

Which frequencies does tonotopy represent alone?

Why?

A

Above 4kHz

the refractory period dictates the maximum AP frequency, therefore high frequency sounds are not able to illicit phase-locked APs

46
Q

Whih frequencies are represented by phase locking alone?

A

very low frequencies

47
Q

Which frequencies are represented by phase locking and tonotopy?

A

intermmediate frequencies

48
Q

What is the duplex theory of sound localisatoin?

A

20-2000Hz - interaural time delay

2000-20 000Hz - interaural intensity difference

49
Q

What problem is associated with interaural time delay?

A

only useful for sudden sounds, otherwise phase must be used in continuous souunds

in turn, this is only useful at lower frequencies (as interaural delay time is not useful for locating continuous souunds with high frequencies

50
Q

How can the olivary neuron interpret interaural time delay?

A

superior olive received binaural input

51
Q

What locations receive auditory input from the inferior colliculus?
Why?

A

MGN and superior colliculus

integration of auditory and visual signals

52
Q

Name 5 causes of conduction deafness

A 
obstruction of audtory canal
ostoslcerosis
ruptured eardrum
middle ear infection
head trauma
53
Q

How might genetic nerev deafness be inherited?

A

all sorts, recessive, dominant, or X-linked genetic mutations

54
Q

Name 4 causes of congenital nerve deafness

A

congenital rubella syndrome
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
toxoplasmosis
hypoplastic auditory nerves or abnormalities of the cochlea

55
Q

What is Presbycusis?

A

normal progressive age-realted loss of hearing acuity or sensitivity

56
Q

What might cause noise in acquired nervee deafness?

A

cochlear damage
permanent or temporary
environmental or ocucpational noise
acoustic trauma

57
Q

Which ototoxic and neurotoxic drugs might cause deafness?

A

aminoglycosides

methotrexate

58
Q

Do people recover from aminoglycoside induced nerve deafness?

A

partially

59
Q

Do people recover from Methotrexate induced nerve deafness?

A

no

60
Q

Which perinatal conditions might cause acquired nerve deafness?

A

premature birth
foetal alcohol syndrome
syphilis

61
Q

What causes tinnitus?

A

motor proteins contract without stimuli

false amplification essentially

4 BAB (18 decks)

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