5. Oral Communication

Question 1

INDEX

Answer 1

1. Introduction
   2.Oral Communication
   2.1 Differences between Spoken and Written Language
   2.2 Formal Characteristics of Spoken English
2. Elements of Oral Discourse
3. Norms Governing Oral Discourse
   4.1 Turn- taking
   4.2 The Cooperative Principle
4. Routines and Formulae
5. Oral Communication Strategies
   6.1 Planning Strategies
   6.2 Syntactic Form Strategies
   6.3 Politeness Strategies
6. Conclusion
7. References

Question 2

Connection with Legal Framework

Answer 2

Introduction: Basic knowledge reflects communicative character of language. CD 217/2022

Conclusion: Specific competences stress importance of oral communication. CD 217/2022

Question 3

Schiffrin- Discourse

Answer 3

Discourse is language understood in a communication context

Question 4

Brown & Yule- Discourse

Answer 4

Discourse is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used.

Question 5

Eggins- Spoken interaction types

Answer 5

According to communicative purpose: Conversations (interpersonally driven) and Encounters (pragmatically driven).

According to structure: casual conversations, discussions, debates and rituals

Question 6

Differences between Spoken and Written language

Answer 6

Raúl Va Volando Recordando Bonitos Amaneceres

Range
Variation of words, intonation and stress: importance
Variation of pitch and intonation: attitude
Reformulation - feedback
Body language
Accuracy

Question 7

Formal characteristics of Spoken English

Answer 7

Fafu, el loco de fiar, ve

False starts and topic changes
Functional words> lexical words = grammatical complexity
Ellipsis
Lower lexical density
Deictic use this/that
First person narration
Active > passive
Repetition, redundancy and reformulation
Verb tense shifting

Question 8

Elements of Discourse

Answer 8

Turn (+adjacency pairs)
Topic
Background Knowledge

Question 9

Turn-taking

Answer 9

system of conversational management

Question 10

Turn-taking requirements

Answer 10

Carla olvida todos los detalles pero tiene tortas riquísimas

Chance to speak
One at a time
Transitions
Turn order is not fixed
Length and content not specified in advance
Distribution of turns is not specified in advance
Parties vary
Turn-allocation techniques
Turn-constructional units
Repair mechanisms

Question 11

Sacks and Schegloff- rules to coordinate talk

Answer 11

1 Addressed
2 Speaks first
3 Current speaker

Question 12

Grice- Cooperative Principles

Answer 12

Maxim of Quantity: informative
Maxim of Quality: true
Maxim of Relation: relevant
Maxim of Manner: clear

Question 13

Routines

Answer 13

More or less unvarying procedures used to construct discourse

Question 14

Formulae

Answer 14

Fixed form of words used as a conventional or ceremonial expression. They can also be considered forms used by speakers to compensate for the indefiniteness of spoken language.

Question 15

Types of Formulae

Answer 15

Gustar A ToDos Es Prácticamente Imposible

Greetings and Farewells
Attention signals
Tags: retrospective comment clause/ tag question
Discourse markers
Expletives: taboo/ moderated expletives
Polite speech act formulae
Interjections

Question 16

Greetings and farewells

Answer 16

Are typically reciprocated in a symmetrical exchange. Generally, the briefer, the more informal they are.

Question 17

Attention signals

Answer 17

They have the main function of attracting addressee’s attention. They are familiar and often impolite in their effect, especially when followed by a directive or in combination with the vocative you.

Question 18

Tags

Answer 18

They are elements added as an afterthought to a grammatical unit, used as a retrospective qualification.

Retrospective comment clause
Tag Questions

Question 19

Discourse markers

Answer 19

They are inserts which tend to occur at the beginning of an utterance or turn

Question 20

Expletives

Answer 20

They are taboo expressions or semi-taboo expressions used as exclamations, especially in reaction to some strongly negative experience.

Taboo: expletives that make reference to the taboo domains of religion, sex or body excretion

Moderated expletives camouflage their taboo origin by various phonetic modifications or substitution.

Question 21

Polite speech act formulae

Answer 21

These are inserts or formulae used in conventional speech acts such as thanking, apologising, requesting and congratulating. Such formulae frequently elicit a polite reply.

Question 22

Interjections

Answer 22

They are utterances that have an exclamatory function, expressive of the speaker’s emotion