4c

Question 1

enzyme known as Taq polymerase key feature

Answer 1

heat resistant

Question 2

stages of PCR

Answer 2

Step 1) Denaturation stage: Sample DNA is heated to 95 degrees to break the hydrogen bonds, single stranded DNA is formed.

Step 2) Annealing stage: DNA is cooled to approx. 55 degrees.

This allows the primers to anneal.

Primers act as a starting region for the next stage.

Step 3) Elongation: DNA is heated to 72 degrees which allows Taq Polymerase to work optimally.

Taq Polymerase binds to theDNA polymerase and moves along the DNa strand,adding complementary nucleotides on both directions producing 2 strands of DNA.

Step 4) Steps 1-3 are repeated to continue making more copies.

Question 3

PCR-polymerase chain reaction

Answer 3

laboratory technique used to amplify a sample of DNA by creating multiple identical copies.

Question 4

comparehow denaturation and annealing occurs

Answer 4

denaturation occurs when temperatues are highor extreme ph the hydrogen bonds between DNA break, causing strands to seperate, whilst annealing involves the binding of short DNA primers to a single stradned DNA template specific complementary sequences, often during technqiues like PCR.

Question 5

whatbonds are broken in denaturation

Answer 5

hydrogen bonds

Question 6

why is temperature decreased for annealing

Answer 6

for hydrogen bonds to form

Question 7

taq polymerases

Answer 7

, is a thermostable enzyme used in PCR to synthesize new DNA strands from single-stranded templates, crucial for DNA amplification.

Question 8

why is taq polymerase used instead of RNA polymerase or DNA polyermase in PCR

Answer 8

the temperature of elongation is 72 degrees Celsius, DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase cannot function at this temperature, however taw polymerase is able to function efficiently even at a high temperature like 72 degrees

Question 9

polymerase function

Answer 9

addscomplemetnary nucleotides to DNA or RNA,leadingto genes being copied

Question 10

types of primers

Answer 10

forward primers-binds to the start codon at the 3’ to 5’ end of the TEMPLATE STRAND where the start codon is

reverse primers- binds to the stop the 3’ to 5’ end as well BUT on the NON TEMPLATE STRAND

Question 11

pcr function overall

Answer 11

to make mutiple copies of DNA

Question 12

when is PCR created and what is used for

Answer 12

created when their is not enough DNA samples for testing and once produced cna be used for forensic testing, paternity testing, and tests for genetic parents