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Biology > 4.2 Organisation > Flashcards

4.2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells in terms of organisation?

A

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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4
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

Catalyse specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their active site.

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5
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream

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6
Q

What do carbohydrase break down? And what into?

A

Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to simple sugars

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7
Q

What is amylase?

A

Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch into sugar (maltose)

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8
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Proteases break down proteins to amino acids

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9
Q

What do lipase do?

A

Break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

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10
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration

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11
Q

Where is bile made?

A

In the liver

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12
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

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13
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloride acid from the stomach. It also emulsified fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown lipase

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14
Q 
Put these in order 
Tissues
Organisms
Organ systems
Cells
Organs
A 
Cells
tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
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15
Q

Meaning of insoluble

A

Cannot dissolve

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16
Q

Meaning of soluble

A

Can dissolve

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17
Q

Definition of enzyme

A

A biological molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

The break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules so that they can be absorbed by the body. This is brought about by enzymes.

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19
Q

Where teeth and chewing breaks food into smaller chunks to increase surface area for action by the enzymes
??

What is it

A

Mechanical digestion

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20
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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21
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

To the lungs where gas exchanges take place

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22
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood?

A

Around the rest of the body

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23
Q

Name three different types of blood vessel

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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24
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that acts as a pacemaker

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25
Q

What is an articulate pacemaker

A

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

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26
Q

What is blood

A

Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

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27
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

In Coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the blood flow through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

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28
Q

How are stents used to treat coronary heart disease?

A

Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open

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29
Q

How are statins used to treat coronary heart disease?

A

Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit

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30
Q

What is a faulty valve?

A

In some people heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.

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31
Q

How can faulty valves be replaced

A

Using biological or mechanical valves

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32
Q

What can be done in the case of heart failure

A

A donor heart or heart and lungs can be transplanted

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33
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

Has a tail to propel the sperm to fertilise egg

Acrosome contains enzymes to allow the sperm to penetrate the outer layer of the egg

Have extra mitochondria to provide energy for their journey

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34
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised?

A

Protein fibres that can contract

Many mitochondria for energy

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35
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

Xylem cells are arranged ends to end but the end walls break down to form hollow tube

Cell wall strengthened by lignin

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36
Q

How are phloem cell specialised?

A

The end walls of the cells allow sugars through but support the tubes

Have companion cells

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37
Q

How is a root hair roll specialised?

A

Lots of mitochondria for active transport of minerals

Long projection to increase surface area to absorb water and minerals

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38
Q

Name the components to the digestive system

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Anus
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39
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

A space within the protein molecule called the active site

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40
Q

They work best at a specific temperature and pH called the _____________

A

Optimum

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41
Q

What is the ‘lock and key theory’?

A

A model used to explain how enzymes work: the chemical that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock)

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42
Q

What is denaturing?

A

When high temperatures and extremes of pH make enzymes change shape

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43
Q

Why can and enzyme not work after being denatured?

A

The substrate cannot fit into active site

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44
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas

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45
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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46
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

47
Q

How do you test for sugar?

A

Add Benedictus reagent and heat in a water bath for two minutes. If sugar is present it will turn red.

48
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution. If it is present it will turn blue/black

49
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Add biuret reagent . If protein is present it will turn purple

50
Q

What does plasma transport around the body?

A

Various chemical substances such as the products of digestion, hormones,
Antibodies,urea and carbon dioxide

51
Q

What do red blood cells contain?

A

Haemoglobin

52
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

It binds to oxygen to transport it from lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration

53
Q

How is the red blood cell adapted for its role?

A

Very small so they can fit through tiny capillaries
Biconcave shape to give them large surface area that oxygen can quickly diffuse across
Do not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin

54
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their roles?

A

Help to protect the body against infection

Can change shape, so they can squeeze out of the blood vessels into the tissues it surround and engulf microorganisms

55
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells which has collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting

56
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Take blood from your heart to your organs

57
Q

What do veins do?

A

Take blood from your organs to your heart

58
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Allow substances needed by cells to pass out of blood and allow substances produced by cells to pass into blood

59
Q

How are arteries adapted for their functions?

A

Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres to deal with blood surges

60
Q

How are veins adapted?

A

Thinner wall and valves to prevent back flow

61
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their role?

A

Narrow thin walled blood vessels

62
Q

How many times does the blood pass through the Heart on each circuit

A

Twice

63
Q

Name the four chambers in the heart and what they do?

A

The left and right arteries which receive blood from veins

The left and right ventricles which pump the blood out of arteries

64
Q

What is the valves purpose

A

Make sure blood flows in the correct direction

65
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood enters through the atria

The atria contact and force blood into ventricles

The ventricles contact and force blood of the heart

66
Q

How are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

They have a large moist surface area
Very rich blood supply
Short diffusion distance because thy are close to capillaries

67
Q

The trachea divides into two tubes called __________

A

Bronchi

68
Q

The bronchi divide to form _________

A

Bronchioles

69
Q

The bronchioles divide until they end in tiny air sacs called ________

A

Alveoli

70
Q

What is the pulmonary artery unusual

A

Unlike other arteries it carries deoxygenated blood

71
Q

Why is the pulmonary vein different to other veins?

A

It carries oxygenated blood

72
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

The name given to the substance formed when haemoglobin in your red blood cells bind with oxygen

73
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

74
Q

What factors affect health?

A 
Disease
Diet
Stress
Life situations
 On both mental and physical health
75
Q

Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer form i__________ d_________

A

Infectious disease

76
Q

Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for c________

A

Cancers

77
Q

Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as s_______ r_________ and a________

A

Skin rashes

Asthma

78
Q

Severe physical health can lead to d_________ and other mental illness

A

Depression

79
Q

What can cause cardiovascular disease?

A

Diet
Smoking
Exercises

80
Q

What can effect liver and brain function?

A

Alcohol

81
Q

What can have effect on lung disease and lung cancer?

A

Smoking

82
Q

What can effect unborn babies?

A

Smoking

Alcohol

83
Q

What are risk factors of cancer?

A

Carcinogens

Including ionising radiation

84
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.

85
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

They are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.

86
Q

What kind of risk factors cause cancers?

A

Both lifestyle and genetic can cause cancer

87
Q

What is obesity a risk factor for?

A

Type 2 diabetes

88
Q

What are the costs of the problems developed from risk factors?

A

Personal- loss of life

Financial- NHS treatment

89
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Increase the likelihood of developing a disease

90
Q

What is the epidermis function?

A

Covers the outer surfaces of plant for protection

91
Q

What is palisade mesophyll function?

A

Main site of photosynthesis in plant

92
Q

What is spongy mesophyll function?

A

Air spaces between the cells allow gases to diffuse through the leaf

93
Q

Xylem vessels function

A

Transports water and minerals through plant, from roots to leaves. Also supports the plant

94
Q

Phloem vessel function

A

Transports dissolved food material through the plant

95
Q

Meristem tissue function

A

Found mainly at the tips of the roots and shoots, where it can produce new cells for growth

96
Q

What do plant tissues gathered together form?

A

Organs

97
Q

Is the leaf a plant organ?

A

Yes

98
Q

How is the structure of the palisade mesophyll related to it function?

A

Many chloroplasts to the top of leaf to trap maximum sunlight

99
Q

How is the mesophyll structure related to its function?

A

Lots of air spaces to allow gases to diffuse

100
Q

What do the stomata allow?

A

Diffusion of gases in and out of leaf and can be opened and closed by guard cells

101
Q

How does water enter the plant?

A

From the soil through the root hair cells by osmosis

102
Q

What does water contain when it enters plants?

A

Dissolved minerals

103
Q

How is the water transported after it has entered the cell?

A

Xylem vessels from the roots to the stems and leaves

104
Q

What will most of the water do when it reaches the leaves?

A

Evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

105
Q

What is the loss of water called in a plant?

A

Transpiration

106
Q

Name 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Air flow
Light intensity
Humidity

107
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Increase in temperature will increase the rate as more energy transferred to the water to allow it to evaporate

108
Q

How does airflow affect transpiration?

A

Faster airflow will increase the rate as it will blow away water vapour allowing more to evaporate

109
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased light intensity will increase the rate, as it will cause stomata to open

110
Q

How does humidity affects rate of transpiration?

A

Increased humidity decrease rate as it contains more water vapour, so concentration gradient for diffusion lower

111
Q

At night are the stomata open or closed? Give a reason for your answer

A

Closed

Carbon dioxide not needed for photosynthesis, so closing them will reduce water loss

112
Q

How do stomata open?

A

When water is plentiful, guard cells take up water and bend. Causes stomata to open, so gases for photosynthesis are free to move in and out of the stomata along with water from transpiration

113
Q

How do stomata close?

A

When water is scarce, losing water makes the stomata change shape and close. This stops the plant from losing more water through transpiration

114
Q

What is translocation?

A

When phloem tissue transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Biology (6 decks)

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