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Biology > 4.1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

4.1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotes?

A

Have a cytoplasm, cell membrane and have their genetic material contained within a nucleus

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2
Q

Name examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal
Protests

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

Have a cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by cell wall and do not have their genetic material contained within a nucleus

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4
Q

Name examples or prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What is bacteria DNA like

A

It is a single DNA loop and there may be small rings of DNA called plasmids

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6
Q

What does and animal cell contain?

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
Cell membrane- semi permeable
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7
Q

What does a plant cell have that an animal doesn’t

A

Vacuole- contains cell sap
Chloroplasts that contain the pigment chlorophyll
Cell wall made of cellulose

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8
Q

How big are animal cells

A

10micrometers - 30

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9
Q

How big are plant cells

A

10 micrometers- 100

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10
Q

How does bacteria divide

A

Binary fission

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11
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised

A

Large surface area
Many mitochondria for active transport
No chloroplast as it is not needed as they are underground
Large vacuole

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12
Q

What is a root hair cells purpose?

A

To absorb water and minerals from soil

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13
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised

A

Proteins help the fibres slide

Extra mitochondria to transfer energy for contractions

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14
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised

A

Myelin sheath to insulate impulse
Dendrites to connect to others
Long axon

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15
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised

A

Contains half DNA
Tail to swim
Extra mitochondria to provide energy for tail
Acrosome to break egg

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16
Q

How is a phloem specialised and what is its purposes?

A

It has companion cells
Seive plates so sugars can flow easy by
Translocation

To transport oxygen and glucose from leaves

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17
Q

How is xylem cell specialised and what is its purpose?

A

Made from dead cells

Strengthened by lignin hollow tube

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18
Q

What are the advantages of using an electron microscope instead of light?

A

Higher magnification

Higher resolution

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of a light microscope

A

Limited magnification

Low resolution

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20
Q

Advantages of electron microscope?

A

High magnification

High resolution

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21
Q

What is the formula for image size?

A

Actual x magnification

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22
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Image / actual

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23
Q

How do you work out the clear zone when culturing microorganisms?

A

Pi r squared

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24
Q

How do you practise sterile technique

A

Use sterile petroleum dishes
Inoculation loops sterilised by flame
Tape lid shut

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25
Q

Why is it important that schools do the experiment under 25 degrees

A

Over this allows dangerous bacteria to grow

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26
Q

What are sub cellular structures

A

Structures inside a cell e.g. Nucleus

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27
Q

What does a nucleus do

A

Controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material

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28
Q

What does a cytoplasm do

A

Where most of the chemical reactions take place

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29
Q

What does a cell membrane do

A

Controls the passage of substance in and out the cell

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30
Q

What does a mitochondria do

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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31
Q

What happens in ribosomes

A

Proteins are synthesised (made)

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32
Q

What is the job of chloroplast

A

Absorb light for photosynthesis

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33
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

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34
Q

What is the purpose tor the vacuole

A

Supports the cell and makes it turgid. It is filled with cell sap

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35
Q

Why don’t all plant cells contain chloroplasts?

A

Because sometimes they are not needed e.g. Root hair cells don’t have them because they don’t receive any light

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36
Q

Which sub cellular structures controls the activities inside the cell?

A

Nucleus

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37
Q

Where are proteins made in a cell

A

Ribosomes

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38
Q

Three structures that are found in a plant cells but not in animal cells

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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39
Q

What is the function of cell sap

A

Make the cell turgid and give support

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40
Q

Where is DNA found in a bacterium

A

Not in a nucleus but found as on looped chromosome in the cytoplasm

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41
Q

When were an electron microscope first used

A

1933

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42
Q

Why do you add stain when using a light microscope

A

To see all parts of the cell

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43
Q

What type of reproduction in binary fission

A

Asexual

44
Q

What can bacteria be grown on

A

Nutrient brother solution
Or
Agar jelly

45
Q

How fast can bacteria divide at optimum temperature

A

Once every 20 minutes

46
Q 
Arrange theses in order of size
Bacterium
Liver cell
Nucleus
Ribosomes
 Largest first
A

Liver cell
Nucleus
Bacterium
Ribosomes

47
Q

How many micrometers is 0.005mm

A

5

48
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes made of DNA molecules

49
Q

What does each chromosome carry

A

A large number of genes

50
Q

What are chromosomes found in

A

Pairs

51
Q

What is the series of stages in which cells divide called

A

The cell cycle

52
Q

What happens during the whole cell cycle

A

The genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells

53
Q

What must a cell do before it can divide

A

It needs to grow and increase the number of sub cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria

54
Q

What happens to the DNA before cell division

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome

55
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

56
Q

What happens finally during cell division

A

The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells

57
Q

Why is cell division by mitosis important for multicellular organisms

A

Growth and development

58
Q

What is the definition of a stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell o an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation

59
Q

How can human embryo stem cell be used

A

Can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

60
Q

How can stem cells form adult bone marrow be used?

A

Can form many types of cells including blood cells

61
Q

What can meristem tissue in plants differentiate into?

A

Any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant

62
Q

How can stem cells be used for treatment ?

A

Help conditions such as diabetes and paralysis

63
Q

What happens in therapeutic cloning?

A

An embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient . Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patients body so they may be used for medical treatment

64
Q

What are the risks of the use of stem cells?

A

Transfer viral infection

Some people have ethical or religious objections

65
Q

What can meristems in plants be used for

A

Produce clones of plants quickly and economically

66
Q

What are the advantages of using meristems?

A

Rare species I plants can be cloned to protect from extinction
Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers

67
Q

Complete the sentence

Substance may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via ______________

A

Diffusion

68
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

69
Q

Give two examples of substances transported in and out by diffusion in gas exchange

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

70
Q

Give an example of diffusion that occurs when disposing of waste

A

Waste product from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

71
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
The temperature
Surface area of the membrane

72
Q

Does a single called organism have a relatively large surface area to volume ratio

A

Yes

73
Q

What does a large surface area to volume ration give the single-called organism

A

Allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism

74
Q

The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by

A

Having a large surface area
A membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path
Having an efficient blood supply (in animals)
Being ventilated ( in animals, for gaseous exchange)

75
Q

Complete the sentence

Water may move across cell membrane via ____________

A

Osmosis

76
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

77
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration.

78
Q

How does active transport help a root hair cell?

A

Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hair from very dilute solutions in the soil.

79
Q

Why do plants require ions?

A

For healthy growth

80
Q

How does active transport help in the body?

A

It allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration.

81
Q

What are sugar molecules used for in the body?

A

Cell respiration

82
Q

A person opens a bottle of perfume. Why do people in the room smell it faster on a warm day?

A

Temperature affects the rate of diffusion. The higher the temperature the faster the particles move.

83
Q

What is required for substances to be absorbed against a concentration gradient?

A

Energy from respiration

84
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

DNA

85
Q

Name 2 sub cellular structures that increase in number before the cell divides

A

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

86
Q

What is the proper name for copying DNA to form two copies of each chromosome

A

Replication

87
Q

What are the two stages that are involved in the division of the genetic material

A

Division of the nucleus

Replicated chromosomes split at each pole

88
Q

Name 2 structures that divide in the division into 2 cells

A

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

89
Q

Why is cell division by mitosis important?

A

Growth
Maintenance
Repair of multi cellular organisms
Development

90
Q

Where can stem cells be obtained from to be cloned and become many types of human cells?

A

Embryo

91
Q

Where can stem cells be obtained from to form blood cells in humans

A

Bone marrow

92
Q

What type of tissues in plants can become any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant?

A

Meristem

93
Q

Why is the production of clones using these tissues beneficial?

A

Reproduce quickly and cheaply/economical

Able to reproduce rare species and make plants that are desirable for farmers

94
Q

Why are stem cells from an embryo useful in medical treatment?

A

Can treat diseases such as diabetes and paralysis

Won’t be rejected by patient

95
Q

Give one risk of using stem cells for medical treatment

A

Viral infection

96
Q

Why is cloning of rare species of benefit ?

A

Able to reproduce rare species identically, so they won’t become extinct.

97
Q

Give one characteristic that plants may have that could be desirable for farmers, and therefore result in cloning of plants with this characteristic

A

Resistance to disease

98
Q

What is the real name for the clear areas on a Petrie dish called

A

Inhibition zones

99
Q

Describe how to draw a cell seen with a microscope correctly

A

Use a pencil
Draw clear lines, no sketches
Draw a scale
Label

100
Q

How many micrometers in 1cm

A

10,000

101
Q

The specification names 5 exchange surfaces in plants and animals that are adapted for exchanging materials. You need to know HOW they are adapted. What are they?

A 
Leaves
Lungs
Small intestine
Fish gills
Root hair cell
102
Q

What are the 4 features that increase the effectiveness of an exchange surface in multicellular organisms

A

Ventilation
Lots of blood supplied
Large surface area
Short diffusion distance

103
Q

Where and how is active transport important in plants?

A

Minerals are needed to move from a low concentration in the soil to a high concentration in roots. They are needed for healthy growth

104
Q

Give two differences between diffusion and active transport

A

Diffusion- high to low
Active transport- low to high

Active transport requires energy but diffusion is passive

105
Q

Give 2 similarities between diffusion and osmosis

A

Neither require energy

Both go down concentration gradient

106
Q

What is a micrometer

A

100

Biology (6 decks)

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