3 | Anatomy and research methods

Question 1

What does “Ventral” mean?

Answer 1

Ventral: Toward the Stommach

Opposed to:
Dorsal: Toward the back

Question 2

If two structures are both on the left side, or both on the right side, what is their relationship?

Answer 2

Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
(both on the left or both on the right)

Opposed to:
Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body
(one on the left and one on the right)

Question 3

What is a “sulcus” in the brain?

Answer 3

A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another.

*a “fissure” is a long deep sulcus

Question 4

What is the function of the “dorsal roots” of the spinal cord?

Answer 4

Dorsal roots: They recieve sensory input

Ventral roots: They control motor output

Question 5

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

Answer 5

Parasympathetic nervous system: Vegetative activities
(Rest & Digest)

In relation to:
Sympathetic nervous system: Vigorous activities
(Fight or Flight)

Question 6

Witch of these control breathing, heart rate, and salivation?

Answer 6

The Cranial nerves control vital reflexes eg. breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing,

Question 7

Whitch of these is part of the forebrain?

Answer 7

Hippocampus: Forebrain

Medulla: Hindbrain
Pons: Hindbrain
Cerebellum: Hindbrain

Question 8

Whitch of these structures provides most of the direct input to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.

Question 9

What is the main way mammalian species vary in their cerebral cortex?

Answer 9

Mammalian brains differ in their size and their degree of folding

Question 10

In witch of these ways do primates differ from elephants in their cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

Primates have more neurons per unit volume.

Question 11

What is the relationship between columns and laminae in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

Each collumn crosses through one lamina after another

Question 12

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 12

Occipital lobe

Question 13

The main functions of the prefontal cortex include which of the following?

Answer 13

Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a possible action

Question 14

What is the binding-problem?

Answer 14

The question of how we percieve seperate sensations as part of a single object

Question 15

The first demonstation that a brain area controlled a particular aspect of behavior pertained to which type of behavior?

Answer 15

Language

Question 16

Whitch of the following is a method to inactivate a brain area temporarily?

Answer 16

1. Steriotaxic instrument
2. Transcranial magnetic stumulation
3. Lesion
4. Ablation

Answere: Transcranial magnetic stumulation
Witch magentic stumulans to the brain, it is possibleto innactivate neurons in the brain. This creates a “virtual lesion”.

Question 17

What does the optogenetic technique enable researchers to test?

Answer 17

The function of a particular type of neuron

Question 18

EEG and MEG are advantageous for measuring which of the following?

Answer 18

Changes in the brain activity over very short periods of time.

Question 19

What is the first step of positron-emmision tomography(PET)?

Answer 19

Injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood

Question 20

What is one advantage of fMRI over PET scans?

Answer 20

The fMRI does not expose the brain to radioactivity

Question 21

Comparing MRI and fMRI, which one(s) measure the resonses of brain chemicals to a magnet field? Whitch one(s) show which brain areas are most active at the moment?

Answer 21

Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only fMRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment.

Question 22

Why should we be cautious when interpreting many of the reports linking certain aspects of brain anatomy to behavior?

Answer 22

Many published studies were based on small samples.