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ES 10.01: Lec > 2B1 > Flashcards

2B1 Flashcards

1
Q

An action having cascading effects

A

Butterfly effect

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2
Q

What kind of consequences are seen in the butterfly effect?

A

Unforeseen

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3
Q

Approach in dealing with environmental problems / ecology

A

Holistic approach

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4
Q

True or False: Cascading effects from BE are due to the initial action or the butterfly itself.

A

False, it’s the RESULTING EFFECTS of the initial action

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5
Q

Various components come together to form new levels of organization

A

Principle of Emergent Property

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6
Q

True or False: The new emerging properties make the whole more vulnerable to change or stress.

A

False

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7
Q

Concept that states the whole is more than the sum of its parts

A

Synergy

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8
Q

Provides the force to hold structures together

A

Energy

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9
Q

Necessary input into earth

A

Solar energy

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10
Q

The ability to do work

A

Energy

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11
Q

Harmful and short wavelengths are filtered out by gases like

A

Ozone

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12
Q

True or False: Most organisms survive within a relatively narrow temperature range

A

True

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13
Q

Almost all organisms depend on this for life-sustaining energy

A

Solar radiation

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14
Q

Capturers of solar radiation

A

Plants, algae, some bacteria

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15
Q

How is solar radiation captured?

A

Photosynthesis

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16
Q

Levels of Biological Organization

A

Atom - Molecule - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere

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17
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes.

A

True

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18
Q

Photosynthesis converts ____ into ____

A

Radiant energy into chemical energy

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19
Q

Photosynthesis produces?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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20
Q

True or False: Cellular respiration captures energy.

A

False

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21
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis releases energy.

A

False

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22
Q

True or False: Cellular respiration releases energy.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False: Photosynthesis captures energy.

A

True

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24
Q

Organisms producing organic material thru photosynthesis

A

Producers

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25
Q

The amount of biomass produced by an ecosystem

A

Productivity

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26
Q

The rate at which energy is accumulated in the form of biomass

A

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

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27
Q

Amount of biomass found when respiration occurs

A

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

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28
Q

Factors of ecosystem productivity

A
  1. Organism efficiency
  2. Amount of solar radiation
  3. Availability of nutrients
  4. Moisture or amount of water
  5. Climactic factors
  6. Degree of maturity
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29
Q

The bedrock of most ecosystems

A

Photosynthesis

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30
Q

Primary productivity is a function of?

A
  1. Organism efficiency
  2. Size
  3. Rate of photosynthesis
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31
Q

Extraction of energy from chemical compounds

A

Chemosynthesis

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32
Q

Organisms performing chemosynthesis

A

Extremophiles

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33
Q

Chemosynthesis is for organisms that?

A

Do not live in habitats that receive sunlight

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34
Q

Deals with how energy is transferred in natural processes

A

Thermodynamics

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35
Q

2 laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
  2. energy transfers result in a loss of energy thru heat
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36
Q

True or False: Energy in = energy out

A

True

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37
Q

True or False: Energy is conserved.

A

True

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38
Q

True or False: Individual food chains exist in nature.

A

False, interconnected and complex food webs

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39
Q

Complexity of a food web depends on

A
  1. The number of species
  2. Physical characteristics

of an ecosystem

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40
Q

Organisms can be identified via what level?

A

Trophic level

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41
Q

Organisms that produce food thru photosynthesis

A

Producers or Autotrophs

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42
Q

Consumers are AKA

A

Heterotrophs

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43
Q

True or False: Secondary consumers eat producers.

A

False, primary

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44
Q

Consumer Classifications

A
  1. Herbivore
  2. Carnivore
  3. Omnivore
  4. Detritivore
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45
Q

Plant-eaters

A

Herbivore

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46
Q

Flesh-eaters

A

Carnivore

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47
Q

Plant and flesh-eaters

A

Omnivore

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48
Q

Decomposers

A

Detritivores

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49
Q

Trophic levels can be organized into?

A

Ecological pyramids

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50
Q

Ecological pyramids can be presented in 3 ways

A
  1. Biomass (by weight or density)
  2. Numbers of organisms
  3. Energy available per trophic level
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51
Q

Rule stating that only 10% of energy is present in the next higher trophic level.

A

10% Rule

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52
Q

What enables ecosystems to function efficiently?

A
  1. The flow of energy
  2. The cycling of materials
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53
Q

Cycles of key elements

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

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54
Q

Factors of ecosystem productivity can best be found in

A

The Amazon Rainforest

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55
Q

When water in the atmosphere condenses

A

Precipitation

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56
Q

Gas to liquid then solid

A

Precipitation

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57
Q

Liquid to a gas

A

Evaporation

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58
Q

Solid to a gas

A

Sublimation

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59
Q

Gas to solid

A

Deposition

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60
Q

Responsible for the formation of clouds

A

Condensation

61
Q

Water pulled across the surface to the lowest point of land

A

Runoff

62
Q

What evaporates water?

A

Solar energy

63
Q

Role of wind in the water cycle

A

Distributes water vapor worldwide

64
Q

Explain the water cycle.

A
  • Water from the ocean
  • Solar energy evaporates water
  • Winds distribute water vapor worldwide
  • Water condenses to form precipitation OR percolates through porous rock and soil to reach groundwater
  • Organisms release moisture (humans = respiration and perspiration, plants = transpiration)
  • Moisture enters atmosphere or goes to lakes, streams, other water bodies
  • Water returns to the ocean again
65
Q

The carbon cycle begins with?

A

Photosynthesis

66
Q

Explain the carbon cycle.

A
  • Organisms take up CO2, performs carbon fixation
  • Organisms exhale CO2 in respiration
  • Larger organic molecules become part of the cellular structure
  • Carbon be locked up in certain rocks
  • Carbon can be deposited in limestone deposits, sediments and deep-ocean deposits are released via volcanic activity
  • Carbon sinks store carbon
  • When carbon is released faster than natural recycling systems, the atmosphere warms and traps greenhouse gases
67
Q

Carbon can be locked up in the form of?

A

Calcium carbonate

68
Q

Calcium carbonate is used in shell and skeleton formation of marine organisms like?

A

Protozoans and corals

69
Q

Materials that store carbon

A

Carbon Sinks

70
Q

Greenhouse effect happens when

A

Carbon is released faster than natural recycling systems can keep up

71
Q

True or False: Our atmosphere is 98% nitrogen.

A

False, 78%

72
Q

True or False: Nitrogen is unstable.

A

False

73
Q

Nitrogen exists in the air as

A

Stable, two-atom form of atmospheric nitrogen

74
Q

True or False: N2 can be used by both plants and bacteria.

A

False, only bacteria

75
Q

Kind of bacteria using nitrogen

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

76
Q

N2 is combined with?

A

Hydrogen

77
Q

N2 with H makes

A

ammonia and ammonium

78
Q

How is nitrite formed?

A

Bacteria combine with ammonia and ammonium

79
Q

Process of Nitrification

A
  • From nitrogen in the atmosphere, nitrogen-fixing bacteria combine N2 with hydrogen
  • N2 with hydrogen makes ammonia and ammonium
  • Bacteria combine with ammonia and ammonium to make nitrite and nitrate
  • Now green plants can absorb and use this
80
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A
  • Process of nitrification
  • Nitrogen reenters the environment thru decomposition and excretion
  • Fungi and bacteria decompose organisms and release ammonia and ammonium
  • Ammonia and ammonium are available for nitrate formation
  • Excretion of dung and urine contain nitrogenous compounds
  • Denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates back into N2 that return to the atmosphere
81
Q

What does excess nitrogen cause?

A

Algal blooms and excess plant growth

82
Q

Starving water of oxygen

A

Eutrophication

83
Q

Phosphorus is locked up in

A

Rocks or salts

84
Q

True or False: Phosphorus can be transported in water.

A

True

85
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria contain what enzyme?

A

Nitrogenase enzyme

86
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A
  • Producers take inorganic phosphorus, pass onto trophic level to consumers
  • Detergents and fertilizers wash away as runoff and move to the ocean
  • Excess phosphorus causes excess fertilization causes eutrophication
87
Q

What has sped up the the use and movement of phosphorus?

A

Mining

88
Q

True or False: Releasing phosphorus is usually a rapid process.

A

False, very slow

89
Q

Phosphates are commonly used for?

A

Detergents and fertilizers

90
Q

A more common pollutant in marine systems

A

Nitrogen

91
Q

A more common pollutant in freshwater systems

A

Phosphorus

92
Q

Anything that controls the growth of a population of a species

A

Limiting factors

93
Q

True or False: Limiting factors can only be abiotic factors.

A

False, can be both biotic and abiotic

94
Q

What keep an organism from expanding everywhere

A

Limiting factors

95
Q

The maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustain

A

Carrying Capacity

96
Q

3 Limiting Factors

A
  1. Environmental factors
  2. Competition with other species
  3. Predation, parasitism, disease
97
Q

Rule that states that growth is limited by essential factors in the shortest supply

A

Law of the minimum

98
Q

True or False: Competition can occur among plants

A

True

99
Q

True or False: You can still produce even when you’re dead.

A

False

100
Q

What kind of competition happens among species?

A

Interspecific competition

101
Q

Each environmental has a minimum and maximum level, called?

A

Tolerance Limits

102
Q

Essence of the law of the minimum

A

Equilibrium is the best range

103
Q

Essential factor that is extremely scarce or closest to tolerance limits

A

Critical Factor

104
Q

A function in the ecosystem

A

Niche

105
Q

The survival of an organism depends on this role

A

Niche

106
Q

A role or profession

A

Niche

107
Q

An address

A

Habitat

108
Q

Classifications of Niche

A
  1. Broad or Generalists
  2. Narrow or Specialists
  3. Fundamental NIche
  4. Realized Niche
109
Q

Can tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions

A

Broad or Generalists

110
Q

Narrow range of tolerance for environmental conditions

A

Narrow or Specialists

111
Q

True or False: Generalists are found in undisturbed sites.

A

False, narrow or specialists

112
Q

Can be found in degraded or distorted sites

A

Broad or Generalists

113
Q

The total environment a species can exploit without biotic restraints

A

Fundamental Niche

114
Q

The potential area an organism can maximize without other competition

A

Fundamental Niche

115
Q

True or False: The fundamental niches of species may overlap.

A

True

116
Q

The potential role niche

A

Fundamental Niche

117
Q

The actual role niche

A

Realized Niche

118
Q

The resources a species can utilize in the presence of other species

A

Realized Niche

119
Q

Species exerting greater influence than others with a strong impact

A

Keystone Species

120
Q

True or False: Keystone species are proportionate to its abundance.

A

False, disproportionate

121
Q

Common example of keystone species

A

Apex predators

122
Q

Keeping species at lower trophic levels in check

A

Trophic Cascade

123
Q

True or False: Keystone species are predators.

A

False

124
Q

Species that physically modify their ecosystems

A

Ecosystem Engineers

125
Q

A species is excluded from a niche by another due to competition

A

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

126
Q

True or False: Competition lets us see the realized niche.

A

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

127
Q

Example of ecosystem engineers

A

Beavers

128
Q

True or False: Two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.

A

False, one will outcompete the other

129
Q

Competition lets us see the realized niche of an organism, which depends on

A
  1. Nature of the organisms
  2. Nature of the habitat
  3. Not necessarily just purely a function of size or population
130
Q

A relationship where 2 species interact with each other and changes affect each other

A

Coevolution

131
Q

A cooperative relationship between organisms

A

Symbiosis

132
Q

All persistent biological interactions

A

Symbiosis

133
Q

Relationship where both species benefit from one another

A

Mutualism

134
Q

Relationship where one species benefits, the other is unharmed

A

Commensalism

135
Q

Relationship where one species benefits, the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

136
Q

Which species benefits in parasitism?

A

The parasite

137
Q

Which species is harmed in parasitism?

A

The host

138
Q

Trend of gradual developments occurring in an environment

A

Succession

139
Q

Plants that can perform photosynthesis

A

Hemiparasitic plants

140
Q

What do you call the stages in succession

A

Sere, Sera/seral stages

141
Q

The stable stage

A

Climax Community

142
Q

What species start succession?

A

Pioneer species/generalists

143
Q

True or False: Specialist species have ease of mobility and colonization

A

False, generalist

144
Q

A climax community is mainly populated by what kind of species

A

Specialist species

145
Q

When succession starts on an extreme, bare area

A

Primary Succession

146
Q

When succession stars in an area with colonizers not previously present there

A

Primary Succession

147
Q

When succession occurs with a new community existing after a disturbance in an already existing community

A

Secondary Succession

148
Q
A

ES 10.01: Lec (1 decks)

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