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Chemistry > 24-03-23 > Flashcards

24-03-23 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is filtration used for

A

to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

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2
Q

What else can filtration be used to do

A

It can be used in purification to separate solid impurities out from a mixture

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3
Q

What do you need to carry out filtration

A

filter paper
funnel
beaker

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4
Q

What is the stuff left in the filter paper called

A

The residue

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5
Q

What is the stuff that goes through the filter paper and is collected in the beaker called

A

The filtrate

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6
Q

What does crystallization do

A

Separate a soluble solid from a solution

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7
Q

What does insoluble mean

A

That it will not dissolve in water

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8
Q

How do you crystallise a product

A
  • Pour solution into evaporating dish
  • Heat
  • When water has evaporated or crystals start to form leave it to cool and dry
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9
Q

What can you can you use filtration and crystallisation together for

A

to separate rock salt (a mixture of sand and water)

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10
Q

What is chromatography used for

A

to separate out dyes

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11
Q

Why do you use a pencil to draw the base line on chromatography paper

A

Because pencil marks are insoluble so they will not dissolve in the solvent

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12
Q

How do you do a chromatography practical

A
  • draw a line near the bottom of the paper
  • add spots of the inks
  • loosely roll the sheet and put it in a beaker of water
  • when solvent reaches the top leave it out to dry
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13
Q

Why do we make sure that water level is below the base line when doing chromatography

A

So that the inks don’t dissolve into the water and not up the paper

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14
Q

What is the end result of chromatography called

A

A chromatogram

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15
Q

How does chromatography separate different dyes

A

Because the dyes move up the paper at different rates

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16
Q

How do you calculate the Rf value

A

Rf = distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent

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17
Q

How do you find the difference travelled by solute in chromatography

A

You measure from the baseline to the centre of the spot

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18
Q

How do you find the distance moved by the solvent in chromatography

A

You measure from the baseline to the solvent line

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19
Q

What is simple distillation used for

A

To separate out solutions (separating out a liquid from a solution)

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20
Q

Explain what happens in simple distillation

A
  • the solution is heated
  • the part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates
  • the vapour is cooled and condenses and collected
  • the rest of the solution is left in the flask
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21
Q

What is a disadvantage of simple distillation

A

It can only be used to separate solutions with very different boiling points

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22
Q

What is fractional distillation used for

A

to separate a mixture of liquids with similar boiling points

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23
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron

A

0.0005

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24
Q

What charge does the nucleus have and why

A

Positive because of the protons it contains

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25
Q

What does the atomic number of an atom tell you

A

How many protons and electrons there are

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26
Q

What does the mass number of an atom tell you

A

How many protons and neutrons there are in total

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27
Q

What is the formula for Nitrate

A

NO3 -

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28
Q

What is the formula for sulfate

A

SO4 2-

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29
Q

What is the formula for Carbonate

A

CO3 2-

30
Q

What is the formula for hydroxide

A

OH -

31
Q

Define an isotope

A

Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

32
Q

What is the state symbol for solid

A

(s)

33
Q

What is the state symbol for liquid

A

(l)

34
Q

What is the state symbol for gas

A

(g)

35
Q

What is the state symbol for dissolved in water (aqueous)

A

(aq)

36
Q

Name a metal that is not very reactive

A

Gold

37
Q

Why do more reactive metals displace less reactive metals

A

Because the more reactive metal bonds stronger

38
Q

What does a reaction with an acid and metals create

A

A metal salt and hydrogen

39
Q

What is the oxidising agent

A

the compound that has been reduced (of oxygen)

40
Q

What is the reducing agent

A

the element that has been oxidised

41
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

A reaction where oxidation and reduction takes place at the same time

42
Q

What would a symbol equation of a alkali metal and oxygen be

A

4(metal) + O2 –> 2(metal)O

43
Q

What would a symbol equation of a alkali metal and water be

A

2(metal) + 2H20 –> 2(metal)OH + H2

44
Q

What is Ionic bonding

A

Ionic bonding is when a metal and a non-metal react together, a metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positive ion (cation) and the non-metal gains electron(s) to form a negative ion (anion). The bond is caused by the strong electrostatic attraction from the oppositely charged ions

45
Q

How do you test for Hydrogen during a reaction

A

Hold an empty boiling tube above the experiment and then seal with a bung. Use a lit splint and put it into the beaker, if a pop is heard there is hydrogen present

46
Q

What is the word equation for when iron corrodes

A

iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron(III) oxide

47
Q

What are the three main ways of preventing corrosion

A

Barrier methods ~ painting, oiling
Sacrificial methods ~ galvanising

48
Q

What is oxidation

A

the gaining of ooxygen

49
Q

What is reduction

A

The loss of oxygen

50
Q

What is an ore

A

A compound that contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting

51
Q

How do you extract metals from an ore that are less reactive than carbon

A

You reduce them with carbon by heating the ore with carbon monoxide

52
Q

What method is used to extract more reactive metals form an ore

A

electrolysis

53
Q

What is electric current

A

The flow of electrons or ions

54
Q

When do ionic compounds conduct electricity

A

When molten or dissolved into a solution

55
Q

Why do ionic compounds not conduct when they are solid

A

Because the metal ions cannot move to carry a current

56
Q

How are metals held together

A

By a metallic bonding

57
Q

What are the two labels needed for a metallic bond diagram

A
  • delocalised electrons
  • positive metal ions
58
Q

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat

A

Because the delocalised electrons are able to move through the structure, to carry a charge

59
Q

Why are metals malleable

A

because the layers of positive ions can slide over each other

60
Q

What is an ion

A

A charged atom

61
Q

what do you need in an dot and cross diagram

A
  • square brackets
  • the charge of the ion
62
Q

How do you draw delocaised electrons

A

e-

63
Q

What is an alloy

A

A metal made up by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion

64
Q

Why do metals have high melting points and boiling points

A

because of the strong attractive forces between the metal ions and delocalised electrons

65
Q

How do you calculate solubility

A

(mass of solid (g) / mass of water removed (g)) x 100

66
Q

What is a solute

A

The substance being dissolved

67
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic mass

A

(mass number x percentage) + (mass number x percentage) / 100

68
Q

define element

A

elements consist of only one type of atom

69
Q

define diffusion

A

the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

70
Q

How do you investigate solubility at temperature

A

Weigh an empty evaporating basin
Pour solution
Re weigh
Heat
Re weigh once evaporated- mass of solid / mass of water removed x 100

Chemistry (15 decks)

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