21-22

Question 1

Permafrost

Answer 1

perennially frozen ground soil and rock extends form 15cm to 5 m below the surface

Question 2

continuous permafrost

Answer 2

thick and continuous northern locations

Question 3

discontinuous permafrost

Answer 3

thinner unfrozen gaps located further south

Question 4

sporadic permafrost

Answer 4

occur at high elevations

Question 5

Desert streams

Answer 5

Desert streams flow only during infrequent but intense rainstorms, and when they do, only parts of the channel contain water, making the flow irregular and erratic.

unlike most streams discharge in desert streams can decrease downwards water sinks into porous debris no few tributaries, high evaporation due to high temperatures and low humidity

Question 6

desert streams - ephemeral streams

Answer 6

only flow in response to precipitation, deserts maximize runoff with
clay and silt surfaces, surface crusts, low vegetation

Question 7

desert streams - perennial exotic streams

Answer 7

continuous water flow because their sources a re outside of the desert, recharge desert groundwater systems

Question 8

desert lakes

Answer 8

fed by streams that do not evaporate/infiltrate usually temporary
first permanent (Dead Sea)
dry = salt flats

Question 9

wave properties

Answer 9

under favorable conditions the upper layer of the water body deforms into long rolling waves called swells

wave height, wave length, wave period

Question 10

Tides

Answer 10

rise and fall of sea level controlled by the earths rotation and the gravitational pull of the moon and sun
tidal range - avg vertical distance between high and low tide
tidal currents - changing water levels associated with tides

Question 11

beaches

Answer 11

coastal zone of sediment shaped by the action of waves constructed of sand and other material
sand can be derived locally from eroding sea cliffs and attrition or form a distance

Question 12

sandpit and sandbars

Answer 12

Drift occurs and shifting sediment reaches a bay or bend in the shoreline, forms an extension into open water
sand spits are affected by two currents from different directions growing across the mouth of a bay = badmouth bars

Question 13

lagoon

Answer 13

river that enters will drop sediment in the bay rather than the ocean

Question 14

offshore bars

Answer 14

offshore bars are sand deposits not connected to land

Question 15

barrier islands

Answer 15

permanent large offshore bars often separated from the mainland by a lagoon, vulnerable to hurricanes and storms

Question 16

factors influencing wind erosion

Answer 16

wind speed direction and abrasion

Question 17

desert landform types - sand dunes

Answer 17

backslap ( windward side) crest , slip face (leeward side)

mobile features with a degradation and a gradational side

Question 18

2) Desert landform types - loess

Answer 18

fine grained deposits transported by wind from a distance , hot loess form deserts cold from periglacial plains, highly fertiles covers 10% of continental surface

Question 19

2) Desert landform types

Answer 19

ripples , transverse dunes, barchans, parabolic dunes, longitudinal dunes, complex dunes