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GCSE Physics > 2) Motion and Forces > Flashcards

2) Motion and Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What is distance?

A

Scalar quantity

How far an object moves

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2
Q

What is displacement

A

Vector quantity

The distance an objecty moves in a straight line from start to finish

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3
Q

What is speed?

A

Scalar quantity

No direction

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4
Q

What is velocity?

A

Vector quantity

Direction as well as speed

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5
Q

How do you add vectors?

A

Draw each vector as an arrow
Legnth represents magnitude
Direction represents direction

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6
Q

Work out the resultant force of 10N by a force and 10N at a right angle to that force?

A

Pythagoras

root(100 + 100) = root (200) = 14.1N

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7
Q

What does a distance time graph’s gradient show?

A

An object’s distance

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8
Q

How is a distance time graph’s gradient altered by speed?

A

Slower speed = less steep

Quicker speed = more steep

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9
Q

What is on the axis of a distance time graph?

A

Y axis- distance

X axis time

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10
Q

What is on the axis of a speed time (velocity time) graph?

A

Y axis- speed

X axis- time

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11
Q

What does a horizontal line mean on a speed time graph?

A

The object is moving at a constant speed

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12
Q

What do curved lines show on a speed time graph?

A

An object is accelerating or decelerating at a rate that is not constant

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13
Q

What do straight lines show on a speed time graph?

A

An object’s acceleration is constant

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14
Q

What is the area under a speed time graph equal to?

A

The distance travelled by an object

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15
Q

What can acceleration be?

A

A change in speed
A change in direction
A change in speed and direction

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16
Q

What is the resulant force?

A

The sum of all forces acting on an object

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17
Q

What does having unbalanced forces acting on an object mean?

A

A resultant force is acting on the object

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18
Q

What is the equation for resultant force?

A

resultant force = mass x acceleration

F = m x a

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19
Q

What is Newton’s 1st law?

A

The velocity of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on the object

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20
Q

How does no resultant force affect a moving object?

A

It will continue to move in the same direction and speed (velocity)

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21
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law?

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

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22
Q

How is average speed calculated?

A

total distance / total time

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23
Q

How can we measure average speed?

A

Light gates

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24
Q

How is speed calcualated through light gates?

A 
speed = length of card / time taken to pass through gate
v = x / t
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25
Q

What is average speed usually measured in?

A

Metres per second

m/s

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26
Q

How is acceleration calculated?

A

average velocity / time

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27
Q

What is the equation for final speed?

A

final speed = intial speed + (acceleration x time)

v = u + a x t

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28
Q

What is the equation for distance?

A

distance = intial velocity x time + 0.5 x acceleration x time^2

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29
Q

How is momentum of an object calculated?

A

mass x velocity

p = m x v

30
Q

How is change in momentum calculated?

A

momentum = force x time
p = f x t
momentum = mass x final velocity - mass x inital velocity
mv - mu

31
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum?

A

Momentum cannot be created or destroyed

If two objects collide sum of momentum before collision = sum of momentum after collision

32
Q

What safety features do cars have?

A

Seat belts
Air bags
Crumple zones

33
Q

How do car safety features reduce injuries?

A

Absorb energy

Increase time taken for change in momentum to happen, reducing involved forces

34
Q

What is the unit for momentum?

A

kgm/s

35
Q

What is the mass of an object?

A

The measure of the matter it contains

36
Q

What does mass being constant mean?

A

It is the same on earth, moon, sun

37
Q

What is inertia?

A

How difficult it is to change an object’s motion

38
Q

How does mass affect inertia?

A

Higher mass = more inertia

39
Q

What is the equation for weight?

A

weight = mass x gravitational field strength

40
Q

What is weight measured in?

A

Newtons

41
Q

What is weight defined as?

A

The force acting downwards on an object due to gravity

42
Q

What is the constant rate at which objects in free fall fall called?

A

Acceleration due to gravity (g)

43
Q

What is Earth’s gravitational field strength?

A

9.81 m/s^2 (10m/s^2)

44
Q

Why don’t objects continue to accelerate indefinitely?

A

Air resistance slows them down

45
Q

What type of force is air resistance?

A

A frictional force

46
Q

How does air resistance change as the speed of a falling object increases?

A

Falling quicker = more air resistance

47
Q

What is centripetal force?

A

The resultant force that acts towards the middle of a circle

48
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

The distance it takes a car to stop in an emergency

49
Q

What is the calculation for stopping distance?

A

Stopping distance = thinking distance + breaking distance

50
Q

What is thinking distance?

A

The time it takes for a driver to react to a situation and break

51
Q

What is breaking distance?

A

The distance the car travels between breaks applied and car stopping

52
Q

What factors affect thinking distance?

A

Tiredness
Drugs
Alchohol
Distractions

53
Q

What factors affect breaking distance?

A

Condition of car
Initial car speed
Road conditions

54
Q

What is the reaction time test?

A

Ruler drop test

55
Q

What is the typical reaction time for a human?

A

0.25 s

56
Q

What equations can be used to measure reaction time?

A

v^2 - u^2 = 2as

a = (v-u) / t

57
Q

What is the symbol for initial velocity in physics?

A

u

58
Q

What is the symbol for final velocity in physics?

A

v

59
Q

What is the symbol for acceleration?

A

a

60
Q

What is the typical speed for a motorway car?

A

30 m/s

61
Q

What does braking cause?

A

Friction

62
Q

What is the enrgy change of breaking a car?

A

Kinetic in wheels –> thermal in brakes

63
Q

What factors require a greater braking force?

A

Higher speed

Higher mass

64
Q

When a car comes to a stop what must the work done by the brakes be equal to?

A

Work done = initial kinetic energy

65
Q

What is the equation for work done with braking?

A

F x d = 0.5 x m x v^2

Work done = half x mass x velocity squared

66
Q

What are dangers of large decelerations?

A

Brakes can overheat

Car can skid

67
Q

How can theforce in an emergency stop be calculated?

A

change in momentum / time taken

68
Q

What is the equation for force?

A

force = change in momentum / time taken

69
Q

What does a vector quantity have?

A

Direction

Magnitude

70
Q

What does a scalar quantity have?

A

Magnitude

GCSE Physics (14 decks)

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