2. Interference Methods

Question 1

Causes of Lesions

Answer 1

injury, surgery (epilepsy), stroke, tumor, disease, experimental for animals

Question 2

Tan

Answer 2

could understand lang but only produced “tan”
lesion to L IFG (broca)
link area to function

Question 3

Phineas Gage

Answer 3

damage to frontal lobe and orbitofrontal PFC
drastic changes in personality and planning

Question 4

H.M.

Answer 4

surgery for epilepsy of medial temporal love led to anterograde amnesia
could still learn motor tasks (uses cerebellum)

Question 5

Damage to white matter

Answer 5

bad for lesion studies because disrupts communication between areas so lead to impairment, but don’t know what region in pathway does it

Question 6

Ways to group lesion studies

Answer 6

1) By behavior symptom - identify regions implicated by a behavior (ex: aphasia patients all have lesions in broca) (double dissociation, two areas and two deficits)
2) By lesion location - identify a location and see fMRI how brain functions (ex: lesion in Wernicke = no understand lang

Question 7

Inc/dec/invasive for lesions

Answer 7

No increase, yes decrease, yes invasive

Question 8

Electrical Stimulation definition

Answer 8

electrodes inserted in brain during neurosurgery or otherwise
test if fucked up during neurosurgey have patients do tasks to see what area does what
stimulate/suppress to see what happens

Question 9

Inc/dec/invasive electrical stimulation

Answer 9

Yes increase, yes decrease, yes invasive

Question 10

Optogenetics definition

Answer 10

form genetic construct with light sensitive ion channel and promotor to drive expression
insert it into virus and infect neurons
insert fibre optic cable into brain
shine light can depol/polarize a SPECIFIC TYPE of neuron (only stellate/pyramidal/etc)

Question 11

inc/dec/invasive optogenetics

Answer 11

yes increase, yes decrease, yes invasive

Question 12

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation definition

Answer 12

have wire coil magnet over area of interest
can affect electrons and magnetic field of neurons, causing the electrons to either move towards cell body (depol), or away (polarize) causing excitation or inhibition of neurons in area

Question 13

TMS can be used for

Answer 13

induce/suppressing movements (place over motor/sensory homunucli)
quiet brain areas ‘too active’
FDA approval for depression/ocd/smoking/migraines

Question 14

TMS pros cons

Answer 14

Pros:
temporary, focal, easy to change areas
Cons:
can only do surface cortex, don’t know how much cortex stim’d, area might be excitatory/inhibitory which affecting results

Question 15

inc/dec/invasive TMS

Answer 15

yes increase, yes decrease, no invasive