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MCAT Psych > 1st ten pages > Flashcards

1st ten pages Flashcards

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1
Q

______ is used when we look at something and need to make inferences

A

Visual Cues

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2
Q

_________ allow us to perceptually organize by taking into the account of the following cues: depth, form, motion, constancy

A

VisualCues

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3
Q

Humans have two eyes which allow them to receive visual cues from their environment by_________. These give them a sense of depth. (Also gives them retinal disparity)

A

binocular cues

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4
Q

__________ gives humans an idea of depth as well based on how much eyeballs are turned. Gives humans a sense of depth.
(Things far away – muscles of eyes relaxed)
(Things close to us – muscles of eyes contract)

A

Convergence

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5
Q

Monocular cues

A

Visual cues that human receive that we don’t need eyes for (give us a sense of form)

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6
Q

Relative size

A

Can infer with one eye (the closer an object is perceived as bigger gives us a sense of form)

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7
Q

Interposition overlap

A

The perception that one object is in front of another (the object that i sin front is closer)

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8
Q

Relative height

A

Things higher are perceived to be further away form those that are lower

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9
Q

Shading and contour

A

Using light and shadows to perceive form depth/contours- crater/moutains

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10
Q

Monocular clues can also give us a sense of ________

A

Motion

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11
Q

Motion parallax

A

“Relative motion” things farther away move slower, and things closer move faster

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12
Q

Monocular clue of constancy

A

When our perception of an object doesn’t change even if the image cast on the retina is different. Different types of constancy include size constancy, shape constancy, and color constancy

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13
Q

Size constancy

A

One that appear larger because its closer, but we still think its the same size

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14
Q

Shape constancy

A

A changing shape still maintains the same shape perception (ex. a door opening means the shape is changing but we still believe the door is a rectangle)

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15
Q

Color constancy

A

Despite changes in lighting which change the image color falling on our retina, we understand (perceive) that the object is the same color

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16
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli

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17
Q

Hearing adaption

A

Inner ear muscle- higher noise muscle contracts (takes awhile for it to kick in so wont work for noises like gun shots but works for being at a rock concert for a whole afternoon)

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18
Q

Touch adaptation

A

Temperature receptors desenitized over time

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19
Q

Smell adaptation

A

Desensitized receptors in your nose yo molecule sensory information over time

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20
Q

Proprioception adaptation

A

Is the sense of the position of the body in space (sense of balance/ where you are in space”

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21
Q

Sight adaptation

A

Down-regulation or up-regulation to light intensity

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22
Q

Down regulation

A

Light adaptation, when its is bright ou, pupils constrict (less light enters back of eye) and the desensitization of rods and cones become desensitized to light

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23
Q

Up regulation

A

Dark regulation, pupils dilate, rods and cones starts synthesising light sensitive molecules

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24
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The threshold at which you’re able to notice a change in any sensation is the just noticeable difference (JND) (ex. have a 5lb weight and replace it with a 5.2 lb weight might not notice the difference but if you replace it with a 5.5lb weight you will)

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25
Q

Weber’s law equation

A

delta I (JND)/ I (initial intensity)= k (constant) (ex. 02/2 = 0.5/5= 0.1, change must be 0.1 of initial intensity to be noticeable)

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26
Q

Weber’s law can be used to predict a __________ between incremental threshold and background intensity

A

Linear relationship (delta I=Ik, if you plot I against delta its constant)

27
Q

Absolute threshold of sensation

A

The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus is 50% of the time

28
Q

Absolute threshold of sensation is different from the difference threshold where the difference threshold is the ______ difference that can be detected 50% of the time

A

Smallest

29
Q

Absolute threshold can be influenced by a variety of things such as:

A
  1. Expectations (are you expecting a txt)
  2. Experience (are you familiar of phones)
  3. Motivation (are you interested in the response to the txt)
  4. Alterness( are you awake or drowsy to notice the txt)
30
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A

Stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

31
Q

Somatosensation

A

Recieve information about the types of somatosensation, the intensity, timing, and location

32
Q

Types of somatosensation are what?

A
  1. Temperature (thermoception)
  2. Pressure (mechanoception)
  3. Pain (nociception)
  4. Position (proprioception)
33
Q

Intensity

A

How quickly neurons fire for us to notice (slow means low intensity & fast means high intensity)

34
Q

Timing

A

Neuron encodes 3 ways for timing: non adapting, fast adapting, or slow adapting

35
Q

Non-adapting

A

Neuron consistency fires at a constant rate

36
Q

Slow-adapting

A

Neuron fires in beginning of stimulus and calms down after a while

37
Q

Fast-adapting

A

Neuron fires as soon as stimulus starts…then stops firing. Starts again when stim stops)

38
Q

Location

A

Location-specific stimuli

39
Q

The vestibular system

A

A type of sensation that is balance and spatial orientated and comes from both inner ear and limbs

40
Q

Which part of the inner ear is the vestibular system focused on?

A

The semicircular canals

41
Q

Canal are filled with __________

A

Endolymph (when we rotate the fluid shifts in the semicircular canals which allows us to detect what direction our head is moving in)

42
Q

Otolithic organs

A

Helps us to detect linear accleration to hair cells in visous gel

43
Q

The vestibular system also contributes to dizziness and ________

A

vertigo (when you or object around yyou are moving when they are not)

44
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Looks at how we make decision under condition of uncertainty (discerning between important stimuli and unimportant “noise”)

45
Q

At what point can we detect a signal?

A
  1. Origins in sonar
  2. Its role in psychology
46
Q

Strength of a signal is a variable ___ & ___ is strategy

A

d, c

47
Q

Strength (d) is what?

A

hit greater than miss( when there is a strong signal) & miss greater than hit (when there is a weak signal)

48
Q

What are the two c strategies?

A
  1. Conservative strategy
  2. Liberal strategy
49
Q

Conservative strategy

A

Always say no unless 100% syre signal is present

50
Q

Liberal strategy

A

Always say yes even if get false alarms

51
Q

Any signal will have a __________ and get a second graph as the signal distribution

A

noise distribution

52
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Begins with stimulus and stimulus influences what we perceive (our perception)

53
Q

Top down processing

A

Uses background knowledge influences perception (ex. where’s waldo)

54
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Tries to explain how we perceive things the way we do

55
Q

Similarity

A

Items are similar to one another are grouped together by brain ( ex.

56
Q

Pragnaz

A

Reality organized reduced to the simplest form possible (ex. Olympic rings where the brain automatically organize into 5 circles instead of complex shapes)

57
Q

Proximity

A

Objects that are close are grouped together, we naturally group the closer things together rather than things that are father apart (ex. we group things close to another another)

58
Q

Continuity

A

Lines are seen as following the smoothest path

59
Q

Closure

A

Objects grouped together are seen as a whole, and minds fill in missing information (ex. you fill in the triangle even thought there isn’t any)

60
Q

Symmetry

A

The mind perceives object as being symmetrical and forming around a center point

61
Q

Law of common fate

A

When you perceive two things differently

62
Q

Law of past experiences

A

Implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience

63
Q

Contextual effects

A

The context in which stimuli are presented and the processes of perceptual organization contribute to how people perceive those stimuli

MCAT Psych (1 decks)

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