18th century: French and American revolutions

Question 1

19th Century Expansion

Answer 1

Industrial revolution links capitalism and democracy
Liberalism expands to become more inclusive
How to reconcile political equality with economic disparity?

Question 2

20th Century: Competing theories of Democracy

Answer 2

Representation
Participation

Question 3

Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) Democratic Elitism

Answer 3

Mass participation is not realistic, as most people are quite happy to leave politics to the political elites
Minimalist definition: free and fair elections

Question 4

Participatory Democracy

Answer 4

Origins in ancient greece, and in political thinkers like Rousseau, J.S Mill, GDH COle
Participation itself as a virtue rather that protective democracy that views it as a burden
Resurgence in the 1960s, coinciding with mass movements of the time in both Europe and North America

Question 5

Deliberative Democracy

Answer 5

Influenced by the ideas of Jürgen Habermas; somewhat of an offshoot of participatory democracy
“True” democracy must allow for a range of choices to be developed through discussion and reflection; it shouldn’t be about simply registering preferences
Public debate increases the rationality and legitimacy of decisions