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AP Lecture Winter > 17.2 > Flashcards

17.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are band cells

A

immature/brand new versions of a granulocyte

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2
Q

what is leucopenia

A

formation of wbc, regulated by the production of interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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3
Q

what are the 2 pathways of differentiation of hemocytoblasts

A

lymphoid stem cells that rise to lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells that rise to all other wbc

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4
Q

how long do monocytes last?

A

months

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5
Q

how long do lymphocytes live for

A

months-years

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6
Q

what is leukopenia

A

abnormally low wbc counts

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7
Q

what are leukemias

A

cancerous conditions in which clones of a single wbc remain unspecialized and divide out of control

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8
Q

what are the functions of platelets

A

critical in clotting process forming a temporary seal when blood vessels break

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9
Q

what is thrombopoeiting

A

hormone that regulates the formation of platelets

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10
Q

what is another name for platelets

A

megakaryocytes

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11
Q

what is haemostasis and what are its steps

A

process of preventing blood loss
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

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12
Q

what is haemostasis and what are its steps

A

process of preventing blood loss
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

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13
Q

what are vascular spasms

A

immediate vaso-constriction response to blood vessel injury that reduce blood flow until the other mechanisms can begin

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14
Q

what occurs during platelet blood formation

A

when blood vessels break the collagen in its walls attract and activate platelets
when activated they sweel and become spiked and sticky and adhere to each other to close the damaged walls

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15
Q

what occurs during coagulation

A

process in which blood is transformed from liquid to a gel, reinforcing platelet plugs with fibrin threads to seal larger vessel breaks

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16
Q

what are the factors that inhibit clot formation

A

anticoagulants

17
Q

what are the factors that promote clot formation

A

clotting factors/procoagulants

18
Q

what are the 2 pathways to the formation of prothrombin activator

A

intrinsic - factors are present within the blood, slower clotting process and may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as activated platelets

extrinsic - triggered by endothelium derived glycoprotein (TF - tissue factor) and can occur rapidly bypassing some steps of the intrinsic pathway

19
Q

why is prothrombin activator necessary in clotting formation

A

it is necessary because it leads to the production of active enxyme thrombin which converts soluable fibrinogen into fibrin

20
Q

why is fibrin necessary in clotting formation

A

fibrin causes plasma to become gel like and form the fibrin mesh that forms a clot

21
Q

what is clot retraction

A

process in which contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull neighbouring fibrin strands squeezing plasma from the clot and pull damaged tissue together

22
Q

what stimulates repair of skin

A

platelet derived growth factor to stimulate endothelial cell division

23
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

the removal of unneeded clots through the action of fibrin digesting enzyme and plasmin

24
Q

what can limit clot formation

A

rapidly moving plood and disseminates clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade
factors can be limited by other compounds in the blood

25
Q

what are thromboembolic disorders

A

conditions that cause undesirable clotting

26
Q

what is a thrombus

A

a clot that forms and persists in an unbroken vessel

27
Q

what happens when a thrombus gets large

A

it breaks away from the wall and becomes a embolus which can get lodged somewhere else

28
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency in circulating platelets that may result from any condition that suppresses or destroys red bone marrow

29
Q

impaired liver function

A

results in a lack of synthesis of procoagulant factors which may be due to lack of vitamin K or hepatitis or cirrhosis

30
Q

what is haemophelia

A

genetic condition in which there is a deficiency of clotting factors and is most common in X-linked recessive genetic conditions in males

31
Q

what is desseminated intravascular coagulation

A

situation leading to widespread clotting and severe bleeding ma y result from pregnancy, septicaemia, incompatible blood transfusions

AP Lecture Winter (15 decks)

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