Alex-infancy-part 2

Question 1

Mutual knowledge problem

Answer 1

Event all agents know has occurred but not aware of other agents knowledge so comm needed to turn event into shared experience

Question 2

Gesture background

Answer 2

Universal, in all cultures, in absence of visible comm partner, used by the blind. NSL (innate link between gesture and lang). Primates (koko) gossip and grooming hyp-Dunbar- grooming for hierarchy, lang to bond selectively. Gestural theory gillespie- human lang developed from gestures

Question 3

Non gestures

Answer 3

Emblems are spec gestures W meanings, consciously used, can be culturally spec like ok, thumbs up- don’t depend on speech, constant form, no half gestures. Sign lang as agreed upon and no interpretation

Question 4

Types of gestures

Answer 4

Visible actions that convey a message, same gesture can mean diff things in diff contexts. Ostensive: giving or showing objects (asking, something dropped, attention). Diectic (pointing also showing, giving, reaching, can be conc or abstract). Iconic, semantic. Broaders and golden meadow (gestures can cause false witness statements in children) can be metaphorical, abstract, maths and spelling -McNeill operationalised. Beat (emphasise speech and rhythm)

Question 5

Precursors to comm

Answer 5

Vygotsky 78: learn via associations as when child reaches, parents give the, object but if not responsive, leads to delays. Need muscles so speech and gesture linked

Question 6

Gesture at 6m

Answer 6

Verbal babbling. Rhythmic hand movement and manual babbling. Petitto and maratetter: hearing babies from signing families make normal as well as other slower movements in front of body-hand babbling via hand tracking measure

Question 7

Gesture at 10m

Answer 7

Word comp, diectic gesture and culturally derived gestures. CDI child comm developmental inventory, (ask parents about child) first words show what infants have been attending to. Gestures used when children cooperate towards shared goal W adult. Functional pointing, imperative (get adult to do something) declarative (get adult to know something). Dec later than imp

Question 8

Evidence of gesture at 10m

Answer 8

Tomassello looked at home vids of babies on first birthday and found more imperative and less declarative in autistic (linked to tom). Liszkowski: pre verbal babies pointed to object, adult either enthusiastic or not and less pointing followed the not (not just for referencing). Adult either looked between puppet enth, ignored but enth to infant or ignored- found babies like 1 best (share mental state). When object dropped infront of infant, more pointing when helping adult look for object

Question 9

3 month lag

Answer 9

Gesture speech combos/complementary is when you’re pointing at matches what you’re saying. Supplem is when you’re pointing and saying something related. See at 12m, actions carried out on an object/enactive names for things, form beginnings of symbolic play. One word 11m, 2w 18-24m. Comp before supp

Question 10

Cultural diffs in America vs Italy

Answer 10

Americans produced few symbolic gestures compared to high production of pointing gestures. Italian produced as many symbolic as points
Symbolic of us children typically conventional but ofr italian referred to objects, actino snad characteristics like rabbit, eat and hot - iverson 2008.

Question 11

Tutorial

Answer 11

Babyplus mimicked hr in preg, baby sign language and baby Mozart. Need randomised control trials (new or control and assess). Over interpreted, expensive

Question 12

The early brain

Answer 12

Born with 100bill neurones. Feuillet 2007 did ct scan of french white collar as had symptoms to find hollow, had hydrocephalus as a baby, low in but normal. Chernobyl children , down syndrom 9m after. Zia virus, folds around skull and cog defects, microcephaly (small brain)

Question 13

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 13

Humans have largest brain of primates, longest brain dev time. 25% infant is brain. 2% weight in adults but 20% o2. Humans only species to show differential dev in timing across areas

Question 14

Prenatal stages

Answer 14

0-2wks: zygote/germinal phase: cell division, implanting, placenta forms for p2, nutrients and waste. 3-8wks embryonic stage: sad, placenta and cord. Cephalocaudal (brain outward) proximal to distal (core out). Inner mass into endoderm (organs), mesoderm (muscles, Skelton), ectoderm (nervous system, neural tube and crest from neuroectdoerm) tubes defects are spina bifida. Foetal 3m to delivery m liability

Question 15

Neurological dev

Answer 15

Tube develops into hind, mid and forebrain. Fore into cerebral cortex. Hind for posture in cerebellum. Need mass neural proliferation/neirogenisis from neural cells and progenitor cells. Most neurones 25wks after birth

Question 16

Cellular dev

Answer 16

Proliferation of glial cells, from stem cells surround neurones. Neural migration to specialise, myelin at ion helps synaptogensis- forming of synapses. Lissencephaly: smooth brain by bad migration at 12-24wks, no folds. Devel issues, seizures, spacicity of muscle, by virus or blood supply

Question 17

Foetal stage 9-38wks

Answer 17

Dev of muscles and nervous system. All body parts. At 5m, reflexes, at 6, olen and close eyes. 22-26wks age of viability, can survive is premie . At 7m, most time sleeping, every 20-40mon between REM and non, yawning. Maybe to prime visual system, memory consolidation

Question 18

Neurones

Answer 18

Decrease by synaptic pruning or programmed cell death/apoptosis (when new synapses formed, those surrounding die to give more space) for more effience. / perceptual narrowing. Sensitive period is pruning

Question 19

Brain maturation in infancy

Answer 19

As hemis grow, early motor reflexes disappear and replaced by more voluntary motor movements. At 6m, hearing and vision. Cerebellum into y1 for balance. Last areas are of with planning. Body story vid. Reflexes for protection and nourishment like moro, grasping, stepping, rooting

Question 20

Risks in prenatal

Answer 20

Agent orange: herbicide spread in Vietnam war- birth defects. Thalidomide meant for morning sickens - lead to phocomelia, deaths. Given earlier affected brain and eyes, so only see later W the limbs. Teratogens are agents that cause defects, worse in embryonic and foetal as each organism has critical period, depends on length, exposure, maternal genes can stop. E.g. drugs, caffeine, stress

Question 21

FAS and environment

Answer 21

Flattened mid face, upper lip and philtrum. Growth suppression and impaired fine motor, learning diffs. Diamond 88: thicker cortical thickness in rags xin enriched environment. Neglected have shrunk brains. Perry and pollard 98: frontal occipital circ decreased but stops the early they are removed