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FPGOP > Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical Technology > Flashcards

Pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical Technology Flashcards

1
Q

what are excpients

A

inert or inactive substances added in the manufacturing process.

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2
Q

role of excipients

A

-palable
-enhance patient compliance and acceptability
-faciliutate the handling ,preparation and usage of pharmaceutical products

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3
Q

Binders

A

-they are added to produce the mechanical strength of drug filler mixture.
-added to granules,tablets
-they assist the flow of granules
-they impact adhesion and cohesiveness on powders

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4
Q

examples of binders include

A

gum
starch
sucrose
gelatin mucilages
polymeric substances

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5
Q

what are disintegrants

A

added to compostion of a tablet or capsule to ensure that it can be broken up into fragments to improve drug dissolution

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6
Q

examples of disnitegrants include

A

maize starch
cellulose
sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose

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7
Q

suspending/thickening agents

A

-increase the viscosity of the dispersion medium to reduce the rate of sedimentation of particles and ensure uniform withdrawal of doses

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8
Q

what is the common example of suspending agent

A

Tragacanth

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9
Q

what are Glidants?

A

substances added to assist the uniform flow of granules and powders during tableting and into capsules.

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10
Q

some poplular examples of glidants include

A

talc
magnesium stearate
at 1-2% w/w

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11
Q

what are lubricants?

A

they prevent friction btw the powders and metal surfaces.
eg is magnesium stearate

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12
Q

what are stabilizers

A

added to enhance the stability of the dosage forms and minimize degradation. eg includes surfactants

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13
Q

surfactants are?

A

surface active agents that are absorbed causing a marked reduction of surface tensions.

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14
Q

critical micelle concentration

A

where surfactants form lamella structures to bring about stabilization of the dispersed systems

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15
Q

what is an amphipatic molecule

A

molecule that has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

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16
Q

what are diluents(bulking agent)

A

they increase the bulk volume of powders and size of tablets
-used in potent drugs with narrow therapeutic window

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17
Q

examples of diluents include

A

lactose
sucrose
mannitol
sorbitol
calcium phosphate
calcium hydrogen phosphate
microcrystalline cellulose
dextrose

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18
Q

viscosity enhancing agents

A

-consists of hydrophilic polymeric substances
-used to enhance a palatable preparation, flow properties, ease of pouring through orifices

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19
Q

examples of viscosity enhancing agents

A

providone
hydroethylcellulose
carbomer
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

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20
Q

sweeting/flavoring/perfume agents are used to

A

mask unpleasant taste,odour
eg include fruit juices,aromatic oils(peppermint and lemon plant spices)

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21
Q

colouring agents

A

used to improve attractiveness and ease of identification of the product

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22
Q

examples of natural colours include

A

Chlorophyll
carotenoids
anthocyanins
riboflavines
caramel
beetroot

-unstable because of variability in stability and chemical compostion

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23
Q

synthetic colours include

A

dyes and salts

24
Q

emulsifying agents

A

substances added to achieve emulsification and stabilty of dispersed system

25
Q

hydrophilic macromolecular colloids consists of

A

acacia,tragacanth,gums,starches

26
Q

function of acacia is

A

stabilizes oil in water

27
Q

what are suspending agents

A

sunstances added to increase the viscosity of the continous phase

28
Q

wetting agents

A

they reduce interfacial tension btw solid particles and liquid

28
Q

preservatives

A

used to protect pharmaceutical products,foods and materials against microbial spoilage

29
Q

examples of preservatives include

A

benzoic acid
sodium benzoate
methyl paraben
propyl paraben
quaternary ammonium compounds

30
Q

what are buffering agents

A

substances added to maintain chemical stabilty,control tonicity and ensure physiological compatibility

31
Q

what is the PH of most body fluids

A

7.4 hence injections ,eye drops and nasal drops should be buffered to thsi PH to avoid incompatibility or irritations

32
Q

Miscallenous excipients include

A

density modifiers
reducing agents
antioxidant
humectants
stabilizers

33
Q

what is stability?

A

extent to which a product retains within specified limits and throughout its period of storage and use the same properties and characteristics that it had at the time of manufacture.

34
Q

what is shelf life

A

period of time that a pharmacuetical product is to retain its chemical,physical and microbiological stability if stored correctly.

-it is the time taken for a drug to decay to 90% of its original conc

35
Q

expiration date

A

date given on the packaging that represents the end of the shelf lufe

36
Q

Factors that affect stability of pharmaceutical products

A

Temp-high temp accelerates chemical reactions
PH-drugs are stable at PH 4-8
moisture-water catalyses chemical reactions
Light-most drugs absorb UV light anf can lead to oxidation
Oxygen-exposure to oxygen affects stability

37
Q

what is an overage?

A

adding 10% to what is stated on the label

38
Q

what is zero order reaction?

A

reaction where the reaction rate is not dependent on the conc of material.

39
Q

what is first order?

A

the reaction rate of change K is proportional to drug conc

40
Q

classification of degradative pathways

A

-physical-changes in physical proeprties such as product appearance or reducing its effectiveness.

-chemical-most critical factor, max reduction of 90% of theeoretical value is accepted

41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the breakage or cleavage of a molecular bond by reaction with water
eg of drug molecules prone to hydrolytic degradation-esters,lactams,amide groups

42
Q

Hydrolytic degradation of aspirin produces?

A

Salicylic acid and acetic acid

43
Q

Hydrolytic degradation can be catalysed by

A

Hydrogen(H+) OR Hydroxyl(-OH) ions

44
Q

steps to prevent hydrolysis

A

-including buffering agents to stabilize PH
-inclusion of surfactants
-prep of an insoluble salt form of the drug
-Formation of molecular complexes with esters
-replacement of water with alcohol or prolyhydroxyl solvents
-modification of chemical structures

45
Q

what is oxidation

A

it is the removal of an electron from a molecule

46
Q

initiation stage of oxidation

A

where free radicals are formed
RH- R. + H

47
Q

Propagation stage

A

there is a marked increase in the conc of free radicals
R + O2 -RO2
RO2. + RH -ROOH + R.

48
Q

Termination stage

A

depletion of O2
rate of reaction slows down and free radicals react to form un reactive end products

49
Q

eg of drugs prone of oxidative degradation include

A

ascorbic
vitamins
steroids
hydrocarbon bonds

50
Q

ways to minimize oxidation of pharm products

A

-inclusion of reducing agents
-replacmement of oxygen with suitable additives
-PH adjustment
-addition of antioxidants and chelating agents
-photolysis

51
Q

what is photolysis

A

when drug molecules absorb wavelength(300-400) of light and results in degradation of such molecules.
eg of drugs prone to photolysis include-morphine,codeine,phenols,vitamin A and B.quinine,volatile and unstaurated oils

52
Q

what is wet agglumeration

A

process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powder mixtture.
amount of liquid should be controlled as over wetting will make granules too hard and underwetting too soft.

53
Q

what is dry granulation

A

this process creates granules by light compaction of the powder blend under low pressures

54
Q

what is melt granulation

A

when powders are agglumeeated using binders that melt in the process .
eg of binders used are beeswax,carnauba wax,poloxamers,polethylene glycols,parrafin wax,stearic acid,hydrogenated castor oil.

55
Q
A

FPGOP (8 decks)

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