research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

test retest

A

administering the same test/ questionnaire to each person

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2
Q

inter observer reliability

A

measures the degree of agreement between different people observing or assessing the same thing

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3
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the correlation needs to be +0.8 to be reliable

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4
Q

significance

A

the level at which the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected due to the low probability of the results being due to chance

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5
Q

probability equation

A

number of particular equations / number of probable outcomes

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6
Q

n value

A

number of participants

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7
Q

the sign test

A

a non parametric statistical test of difference that allows a researcher to determine the significance of their investigation

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8
Q

p value

A

level of significance

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9
Q

ordinal data

A

data is ranked

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10
Q

nominal data

A

data is in categories

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11
Q

confounding variables

A

changes systematically with the iv

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12
Q

population

A

a group of people who are the focus of the researchers interest, from which a smaller sample is drawn

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13
Q

investigator effects

A

when a researcher acts (consciously or unconsciously) in a way to support their prediction. they communicate their feelings, possibly altering a participants results

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14
Q

counter balancing

A

both groups do the same thing in different orders

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15
Q

standardised procedures

A

clear set of instructions

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16
Q

behavioural categories

A

an observational technique wherein participants possible behaviours are separated into new specific components

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17
Q

reliability

A

if the findings are the same or similar when the test is repeated they are reliable

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18
Q

natural experiments

A

researcher has no control over the IV. e.g gender or age

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19
Q

quantitative data

A

data expressed numerically

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20
Q

qualitative data

A

data expressed in words

21
Q

overt observation

A

participants know their behaviour is being observed and have given their consent beforehand

22
Q

covert observation

A

participants are unaware they are the focus of a study and their behaviour is observed in secret

23
Q

pilot studies

A

small scale trial run of the actual investigation

24
Q

informed consent

A

participants should agree to take part and should also know the aim of the research

25
Q

the hawthorne effect

A

participants will act differently because they know they’re being observed

26
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants will act a certain way in which they think will please the experimenter

27
Q

sample

A

a group of people drawn from a population to take part in an investigation and are presumed to represent that population

28
Q

situational variable

A

feature of a research situation that may influence participants behaviour and thus act as EVs or CVs

29
Q

participant variable

A

characteristics of individual participants

30
Q

extraneous variables

A

differences of the individual or the situation that may affect the dv

31
Q

matched pairs design

A

participants are paired according to similar characteristics and put in each group

32
Q

independent groups design

A

each participant only takes part in one condition of the experiment

33
Q

repeated measures designs

A

each participant takes part in all conditions of the experiment

34
Q

independent variables

A

the variable you manipulate or vary in an experiment to explore its effect

35
Q

operationalisation of variables

A

clearly defining the variables in terms of how they can be measured

36
Q

2 types of experimental hypotheses

A

directional
non directional

37
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the direction of result

38
Q

non directional hypotheses

A

states there will be a difference, but not the direction

39
Q

2 types of hypotheses

A

experimental
null

40
Q

null hypothesis

A

any results from the DV are from chance, not from the IV

41
Q

experimental hypothesis

A

predicts changes in the DV due to the IV

42
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that changes as a result of the IV manipulation

43
Q

lab experiments

A

conducted in a highly controlled environment

44
Q

field experiments

A

the researcher goes to the participants usual environment

45
Q

quasi experiment

A

have an IV based on an existing difference

46
Q

research papers

A

investigation reports written to a conventional format

47
Q

correlation

A

correlation shows the strengths and direction of an association between 2 or more variables

48
Q

interval data

A

very precise data
collected when using scientific methods