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ANP1106 > muscular system > Flashcards

muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

The name of a single muscle cell

A

Muscle fiber

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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of muscle tissue covering from superficial to deep

A

Deep Fascia
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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3
Q

What is the endomysium

A

fine layer of areolar CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

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4
Q

What is the perimysium

A

dense irregular CT sheet around fascicles

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5
Q

What is a fascicle

A

group of muscle fibers

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6
Q

What is the epimysium

A

dense irregular fibrous CT that surrounds the whole muscle

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7
Q

what is the deep fascia

A

coarse layer of dense CT that binds muscles into functional groups (ex// hamstrings are separated from quads by deep fascia)

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8
Q

muscles span ______ and attach to ______

A

span joints and attach to bones

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9
Q

What are the two types of attachments

A

Direct and indirect

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10
Q

What is a direct attachment of a muscle

A

epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

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11
Q

What is the indirect attachment of muscles

A

most attachments are indirect attachments involving either a tendon or an aponeurosis

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12
Q

What are the 4 common patterns of fascicle arrangement

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Pennate
  3. Circular
  4. Convergent
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13
Q

What is the parallel fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles parallel to the long axis of a strap-like muscle. can be strap-like (sartorius) or fusiform (biceps)

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14
Q

What is the pennate arrangement of the fascicles

A

Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle.
there are 3 types

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of pennate fascicle arrangement

A
  1. Unipennate: ex// extensor digitorum
  2. Bipennate: ex// rectus femoris
  3. Multipennate: ex// deltoid
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16
Q

What is the circular arrangement of fascicles

A

concentric rings surround external openings and contract to close opening (ex// obicularis oculi)

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17
Q

What is the convergent arrangement of fascicles

A

fascicles converge towards a single tendon.
Insertion/ muscle is triangular or fan-shapped
ex// pectoralis major

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18
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of skeletal muscles (interactions)

A
  1. Prime Mover (agonist)
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
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19
Q

What is a Prime Mover (agonist)

A

provides major force for a particular movement (brachialis in elbow flexion)

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20
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

opposes or reverses a particular movement. Can provide resistance to prevent overshoot or control rate of movement

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21
Q

What is a synergistand what are the three ways it does its job

A

muscles that help the prime mover by:
1. promoting the same movement
2. Reduce undesirable movement
3. some are Fixators

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22
Q

What are fixator muscles

A

muscles involved in posture

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23
Q

What is unique about the muscles of the head causing facial expression?

A

insert into the skin or other muscles, not bones

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24
Q

what nerve runs through the muscles involved in facial expression

A

all are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

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25
Q

What is the Epicranius

A

main muscle of scalp ; bipartite muscle.
Made of Frontalis and Occipitalis

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26
Q

What is the Frontalis

A

1 out of 2 muscles making up epicranius
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

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27
Q

What is the Occipitalis

A

1 out of 2 muscles making up epicranius
Fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

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28
Q

What is the Origin of a muscle

A

The origin is the point where the muscle attaches to the bone that remains stationary during a particular movement.

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29
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle

A

The insertion is the point where the muscle attaches to the bone that moves during the same movement.

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30
Q

What is the platysma (origin + insertion) and function

A

Origin and Insertion: Fascia of chest to mandible
Function: helps depress mandible, tenses skin of neck (shaving muscle)

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31
Q

What is the orbicularis occuli

A

Location: Surrounds rim of orbit
Function: Protects eyes from light/injury - closes the eye, blinking, squinting, draws eyebrows inferiorly

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32
Q

What is orbicular oris

A

Location: lips, multilayered
Function: closes, purses, and protrudes lips

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33
Q

What is the Mentalis

A

Origin and Insertion: Mandible to chin
Description: V-shaped pair
Function: protrudes lower lip (pout); wrinkles chin

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34
Q

What is Zygomaticus
(I and O and Function)

A

Origin and Insertion: Zygomatic bone to corner of mouth
Function: raises the lateral corners of the mouth (smiling muscle)

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35
Q

What is the Buccinator
IO, Descri, Func

A

O & I: mandible/maxilla to orb. oris
Description: Deep to massetor
Function: whistling, sucking, hold food in place when chewing, especially in nursing infants

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36
Q

How many muscles anchor and move tongue and what are they

A

3
1. Genioglossus
2. Styloglossus
3. Hypoglossus

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37
Q

What nerve are the muscles of the tongue innervated by

A

all innervated by cranial nerve XII - hypoglossal nerve

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38
Q

What is the Glenioglossus

A

I and O: mandible to inferior tongue and hyoid bone
Description: prime mover of tongue protrusion
Function: anchors tongue to prevent obstruction of respiration

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39
Q

What is the Styloglossus

A

I and O: styloid process of temporal bone to inferolateral tongue
Function: retracts and elevates tongue

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40
Q

what is the Hypoglossus

A

I and O: hyoid bone to inferolateral tongue
Function: depresses tongue, especially lateral margins

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41
Q

How many muscle pairs are involved in mastication

A

Four pairs:
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid

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42
Q

what nerve are the muscles of mastication innervated by

A

All innervated by mandibular division of cranial nerve V

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43
Q

What is the Masseter

A

I and O: zygomatic arch and bone to angle and ramus of the mandible
Function: prime mover of jaw closure

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44
Q

What is the temporalis

A

I and O: temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
Function: elevated and retracts mandible, maintains closer jaw at rest

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45
Q

What is the medial and lateral pterygoid

A

I and O: pterygoid process of sphenoid to mandible
Function: additional jaw movements (side to side, grinding movements)

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46
Q

How many muscles move the eye

A

6:
Lateral Rectus,
Medial Rectus,
Superior Rectus,
Inferior Rectus,
Inferior Oblique,
Superior Oblique

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47
Q

What is the Lateral Rectus and what is the controlling cranial nerve

A

Moves eye laterally, controlling nerve is VI (abducens)

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48
Q

What is the Medial Rectus and what is the controlling nerve

A

moves eye medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)

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49
Q

What is the superior rectus and wha is the controlling nerve

A

elevated eye and turns it medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)

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50
Q

what is the inferior rectus and what is its controlling nerve

A

depresses eye and turns it medially. controlling nerve is III (oculomotor)

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51
Q

what is the inferior oblique? controlling nerve?

A

Elevated eye and turns it laterally. III (oculomotor)

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52
Q

What is the superior oblique? controlling nerve

A

depresses eye and turns it laterally. controlling nerve is IV (trochlear)

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53
Q

the head is moved by muscles originating from the ________

A

axial skeleton

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54
Q

what is the sternocleidomastoid

A

I and O: Manubrium/clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone
Location: 2-headed, deep to the platysma
Type of Mover: prime mover of head flexion
Function: muscle action on one side for head rotation to the opposite side, head tilts to the same side.

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55
Q

what are the scalenes

A

I and O: cervical vertebrae to 1st 2 ribs
Location:more laterally and deep to the platysma and SCM
Function: elevates first 2 ribs/flexes and rotates neck. also aids in inspiration

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56
Q

What is the Splenius

A

I and O: vertebrae to mastoid process of temporal bone
Location: superficial; bandage muscle
Function: head extension (both sides), rotation (one side), tilts to same side

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57
Q

What are the 3 muscles involved in Head movement

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Splenius

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58
Q

What are the three muscles involved in trunk movement

A
  1. Erector spinae
  2. Semispinalis
  3. Quadratus lumborum
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59
Q

What is the Erector Spinae

A

Prime mover of back extension
Consists of 3 columns of muscles
Provides resistance to bending forward and extensors to return to erect poisiton

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60
Q

What are the 3 columns of muscles associated with the Erector Spinae

A
  1. Iliocostalis
  2. longissimus
  3. spinalis
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61
Q

What is the Semispinalis

A

Location: muscles from the thoracic region to the head
Function: extends vertebral column and head, rotates head
A Synergist with sternocleidomastoid muscles

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61
Q

What is the Quadratus lumborum

A

I and O: iliac crest to lumbar vertbrae
Function: individual muscles flex cetrebral column laterally. joint muscles extend lumbar spine, fix 12th rib, and maintain upright posture

61
Q

What are the 3 muscles of respiration?

A

External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Diaphragm

62
Q

What is the external intercostal

A

I and O: inferior border of rib to superior border of rib below
Location: 11 pairs of them between the ribs
Function: pull ribs together to elevate rib cage

63
Q

What are the internal intercostals

A

Location: 11 pairs between ribs
Function: draw ribs together to depress rib cage

64
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

Location: makes up the floor of the thoracic cavity
Function: Prime mover of inspiration, flattens on inspiration increasing thoracic volume

65
Q

What muscles make up the abdominal wall

A

4 paired muscles:
1. Internal obliques
2. External obliques
3. Transversus abdominis
4. Rectus abdominus

66
Q

What nerve are the muscles of the abdominal wall innervated by

A

Intercostal nerves

67
Q

What are the main actions for the muscles of the abdominal wall

A

Lateral flexion and flexion of the vertebral column
Support viscera, stabilize pelvis
Help promote urination, pooping, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming

68
Q

What is the Rectus Abdominus

A

I and O: Pubis to ribcage
Function: lumbar rotation, fix and depress ribs, stabilize the pelvis during walking

69
Q

What is the External Oblique

A

Description: largest and most superficial lateral muscle
Function: increase abdominal pressure, flex vertrebral column. Individual muscles aid in rotation

70
Q

What is the internal oblique

A

Same actions as external oblique: increase abdominal pressure, flex vertebral column, and aid in rotation

71
Q

What is the transverses abdominus

A

The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall
Compresses abdominal contents

72
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum?

A
  1. Levator ani
  2. Urogenital diaphragm
  3. Coccyggeus
73
Q

What is the Levator ani

A

I and O: pubis to inner coccyx
Function: resists downward increases in intra-abdominal pressure (during coughing, vomiting)

74
Q

What is the urogenital diaphragm

A

supports pelvic viscera and constricts urethra

75
Q

What is the Coccyggeus

A

I and O: spine of ischium to sacrum and coccyx
Function: supports pelvic viscera and coccyx

76
Q

What does the pelvic diagram consist of

A

the levator ani and coccygeus

77
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the anterior thorax and what is their function

A
  1. Subclavius
  2. Pectoralis Minor
  3. Serratus anterior

They are responsible for: joining the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton, arm movements, and to fix the scapula

78
Q

What is the subclavius

A

I and O: rib 1 to inferior clavicle
Function: stabilize and depress the pectoral girdle

79
Q

What is the Pectoralis minor

A

I and O: rib 3-5 to coracoid process of scapula
Function: Draws scapula forward and down

80
Q

What is the Serratus anterior

A

I and O: ribs 1-8 to anterior vertebral border of scapula
Function: holds scapula to chest wall

81
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior thorax

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Levator Scapulae
  3. Rhomboids
82
Q

What is the Trapezius

A

I and O: Occiput and vertebrae to clavicle and scapula
Function: stabilizes, raises, retracts, rotates scapula

83
Q

What is the Levator Scapulae

A

I and O: C1-4 to scapula
Function: elevates and adducts the scapula

84
Q

What are the Rhomboids

A

I and O: Vertebrae to scapula
Function: pull scapula to the midline, allowing square shoulders

85
Q

How many muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on and move the humerus

A
  2. Pectoralis Major
  3. Lat dorsi
  4. Deltoid
  5. Supraspinatus
  6. Infraspinatus
  7. Teres minor
  8. Subscapularis
  9. Coracobrachialis
  10. Teres Major
86
Q

Which of the 9 muscles crossing the shoulder joint are prime movers of the arm. What are their common movements?

A

Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi, Deltoid
Common movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of humerus

87
Q

Which of the 9 muscles crossing the shoulder joint are rotator cuff muscles? What is their main function?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
Main function: reinforce the capsule of the shoulder, act as synergists and fixators

88
Q

What is the Deltoid

A

I and O: clavicle/scapula to humerus
Description: thick, rounded, site of intramuscular injections
Function: prime mover of arm abduction (all fibers), lateral and media rotations, flexion or extension (only some fibrs)

89
Q

What is the Pectoralis Major

A

I and O: sternum/rib cartilages/clavicle to humerus
Function: prime mover of arm flexion. Adducts and medially rotates arm. Used for climbing, pushing, throwing

90
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi

A

I and O: vertebrae to humerus (intertubercular sulcus)
Function: prime mover of arm extension. Medially rotates arm at shoulder

91
Q

What is the origin and insertion of rotator cuff muscles

A

Scpula to greater/lesser tubercle of humerus

92
Q

What are the 3 anterior flexor muscles crossing the elbow joints

A
  1. Biceps Brachii
  2. Brachialis
  3. Brachioradialis
93
Q

What is the purpose of the anterior flexor muscles crossing the elbow joint

A

they need to be able to move the radius and the ulna

94
Q

What is the biceps brachii

A

I and O: two point of scapula to radius
Function: flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm

95
Q

What is the brachialis

A

I and O: humerus to ulna
Function: Major forearm flexor, lifts ulna as biceps lift radius
Provides the more force

96
Q

What is the brachioradialis

A

I and O: distal humerus to distal radius
Function: synergist in forearm flexion

97
Q

What is the only posterior muscle crossing the elbow joint

A

the triceps brachii

98
Q

what is the triceps brachii

A

I and O: scapula/humerus to ulna
Function: powerful forearm extensor, helps to stabilize shoulder joint

99
Q

Most anterior muscles of the forearm are _______, insert via the ____________

A

flexors, insert via flexor retinaculum

100
Q

Most posterior muscles of the forearm are _________, insert via the ________

A

extensors, insert via the extensor retinaculum

101
Q

What are the 6 muscles of the anterior forearms

A
  1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
  2. Palmaris Longus
  3. Flexor carpi radialis
  4. Pronator teres
  5. Flexor digitorum superficialis
  6. Flexor pollicis longus
102
Q

What is the flexor carpi ulnaris

A

I and O: humerus/ulna to metacarpals
Description: Powerful flexor of wrist and hand adductor
Function: synergizes with extensor carpi ulnaris to stabilize wrist during finger extension

103
Q

What is the palmaris longus

A

I and O: humerus to palmar aponeurosis
Function: weak wrist flexor, weak synergist for elbow flexion

104
Q

What is the flexor carpi radialis

A

I and O: humerus to metacarpals
Function: abducts hand

105
Q

What is the pronator teres

A

I and O: humerus/ulna to lateral radialis
Function: pronates arm, weak flexor of elbow

106
Q

What is the flexor digitorum superficialis

A

I and O: humerus/ulna to middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
Function: flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

107
Q

What is the flexor pollicis longus

A

I and O: anterior shaft of radius and interosseus to distal phalanx of the thumb

108
Q

What are the 5 posterior muscles of the forearm

A
  1. Extensor digitorum
  2. Extensor carpi ulnaris
  3. Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
  4. Ext pollicis longus and brevis
  5. Supinator
109
Q

What is the extensor digitorum

A

I and O: humerus to phalanges
Description: prime mover of finger extension
Function: extends wrist, can abduct fingers.

110
Q

What is the extensor carpi ulnaris

A

I and O: humerus and ulna to 5th metacarpal
Function: extends and adducts wrist

111
Q

What is the extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis

A

I and O: humerus to 2nd (longus) and 3rd (brevis) metacarpals
Function: extends and abducts wrist

112
Q

What is the supinator

A

I and O: humerus to radius
Function: assists biceps brachii to supinate forearm

113
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

small, weak muscles that control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers

114
Q

What are the 3 functions of the muscles of the lower limb

A
  1. Stability
  2. Locomotion
  3. Maintenance of posture
115
Q

Most anterior lower limb muscles ____femur at hip, _____ leg at knee

A

flex, extend

116
Q

Most posterior lower limb muscles _______ thigh, ____ leg

A

extend, flex

117
Q

Medial muscles of the lower limb al _____ thigh

A

adduct

118
Q

What are the 7 phases of walking

A

A: heel strike
B: loading response (foot flat)
C: Midstance
D: terminal stance (heel off)
E: preswing (toe off)
F: Initial and Mid-swing
G: Terminal swing

119
Q

What are the prime movers of the anterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb

A

Iliopsoas (two muscles), tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris

120
Q

What are the synergists of the anterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb

A

Adductors and Sartorius

121
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the lower limb that help adduct the thigh

A

Gluteus Medius, and minimus

122
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the lower limb that extend the knee joint

A

The Quads

123
Q

What are the prime movers of the posterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb

A

Gluetus maximus and hamstring (semitendinosis, the semimebranosus, and the biceps femoris)

124
Q

What is the knee joint flexor of the posterior compartment of the muscles of the lower limb

A

hamstrings

125
Q

What is the Iliopsoas

A

Consists of the Psoas major and the iliacus
I and O: iliac crest, T12 and lumbar to the femur
Function: Prime mover of hip flexion by pulling the femur towards the hip

126
Q

What is the sartorius

A

I and O: anterior superior iliac spine to medial tibia
Function: flexes and laterally rotates thigh, weak knee flexor

127
Q

What is the Quadriceps Femoris

A

I and O: illiac spine and femur to patella and tibial tuberosity

128
Q

What are the 4 quad muscles

A
  1. Rectus Femoris: extends the knee; flex thigh at hip
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Vastus intermedius
129
Q

What are the three medial muscles of the thigh

A
  1. Pectineus
  2. Adductors (magnus, longus, brevis)
  3. Gracilis
130
Q

What is the pectineus

A

I and O: pubis to femur
Function: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh

131
Q

What is the Gracilis

A

I and O: pubis to ischial ramus to medial tibia
Function: adducts thigh, medially rotates leg (walking)

132
Q

What is the Adductors

A

3 parts: magnus, longus, brevis
I and O: Ischium and pubis to the femur
Function: all adduct, flex, medially rotate leg

133
Q

What are the three posterior thigh muscles

A
  1. Gluteus medius
  2. Gluteus maximus
  3. Hamstrings
134
Q

What is the gluteus medius

A

I and O: illium to greater trochanter of femur
Function: abducts and medially rotates thigh; esp during walking)

135
Q

What is gluteus maximus

A

I and O: illium, sacrum, and coccyx to gluteal tuberocity of the femur
Function: major thigh extensor, climing stairs and running

136
Q

What is the hamstrings

A

3 muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinousus, semimembranousus

I and O: ischial tuberosity to tibia/fibula
Function: prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion

137
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the leg involved in ankle and toe dorsiflexion

A
  1. Extensor digitorum longus
  2. Tibialis anterior
  3. Extensor hallucis longus
138
Q

WHat is the extensor digitorum longus

A

I and O: tibia to phalanges of toes 2-5
Function: prime mover of toe extension, dorsiflexes foot

139
Q

What is Tibialis anterior

A

I and O: tibia to tarsals and metatarsals
Function: prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts foot

140
Q

What is extensor hallucis longus

A

I and O: fibula shaft to great toe
Function: extends great toe and dorsiflexes foot

141
Q

What is the muscle of the leg in the lateral compartment

A

Fibularis (peroneus)

142
Q

What is the fibularis

A

I and O: fibula under foot to 1st metatarsal
Function: plantar flexes and everts foot

143
Q

What are the six muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Calcaneal
  4. Tibialis posterior
  5. Flexor digitorum longus
  6. Flexor hallucis longus
144
Q

WHat is the gastrocnemius

A

I and O: femur to calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
Function: plantar flexes foot when knee extended, flex knee if foot dorsiflexed

145
Q

What is the soleus

A

I and O: proximal tibia/fibula to calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Function: plantar flexes angle, walking running, dancing

146
Q

What is the Calcaneal

A

Achilles tendon. Largest tendon in body
Common tendon for gastrocnemius and soleus for insertion into calcaneus of heel

147
Q

What is the tibialis posterior

A

I and O: tibia/fibula/interosseous membrane to tarsal and metatarsals
Function: prime mover of foot inversion

148
Q

What is the Flexor digitorum llongus

A

I and O: posterior tibia to distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Function: plantar flexes and inverts the foot, flexes the toes

149
Q

What is the flexor hallucis longus

A

I and O: fibula/interosseous membrane to distal phalanx of great toe
Function: plantar flexes and inverts the foot, flexes great toe

150
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

similar to muscles of palm of hand
Help to flex, extend, abduct and adduct the toes

151
Q

Single muscle on the foot’s _____ and several on the ______ aspect

A

dorsum, plantar

ANP1106 (11 decks)

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