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A-Level Geography > 1.5.2 - Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

1.5.2 - Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a hazard?

A

A hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons.

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2
Q

True or False: Hazards are always harmful and pose a risk to individuals.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the difference between a hazard and a disaster?

A

A hazard is a potential source of harm, while a disaster is the actual occurrence of harm caused by a hazard.

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4
Q

What is risk in the context of hazards?

A

Risk is the probability of a hazard resulting in harm.

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5
Q

What are the three main types of hazards?

A

The three main types of hazards are natural hazards, technological hazards, and human-induced hazards.

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6
Q

Give an example of a natural hazard.

A

An example of a natural hazard is an earthquake.

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7
Q

What are the two main categories of natural hazards?

A

The two main categories of natural hazards are geophysical hazards and atmospheric hazards.

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8
Q

True or False: Geophysical hazards are primarily caused by processes within the Earth.

A

True

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9
Q

What are examples of geophysical hazards?

A

Examples of geophysical hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides.

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10
Q

Give an example of an atmospheric hazard.

A

An example of an atmospheric hazard is a hurricane.

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11
Q

What are examples of atmospheric hazards?

A

Examples of atmospheric hazards include hurricanes, tornadoes, and blizzards.

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12
Q

What are examples of technological hazards?

A

Examples of technological hazards include industrial accidents, nuclear accidents, and chemical spills.

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13
Q

What are examples of human-induced hazards?

A

Examples of human-induced hazards include deforestation, pollution, and climate change.

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14
Q

True or False: Hazards are static and unchanging.

A

False

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15
Q

What is risk perception?

A

Risk perception is the subjective judgement that people make about the characteristics and severity of a risk.

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16
Q

What factors influence risk perception?

A

Factors that influence risk perception include familiarity, control, trust, and dread.

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17
Q

What is vulnerability in the context of hazards?

A

Vulnerability refers to the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

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18
Q

What is resilience in the context of hazards?

A

Resilience is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform, and recover from the effects of a hazard.

19
Q

True or False: Vulnerability and resilience are independent of each other.

A

False

20
Q

How can vulnerability be reduced?

A

Vulnerability can be reduced through measures such as early warning systems, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure improvements.

21
Q

What is the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction?

A

The Sendai Framework is an international agreement that sets out a roadmap to reduce disaster risk and disaster losses.

22
Q

What are the four priority areas of action under the Sendai Framework?

A

The four priority areas of action under the Sendai Framework are understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance, investing in disaster risk reduction, and enhancing disaster preparedness.

23
Q

Describe the Crust

A
  • Outer most layer
  • 5-10km thick in oceanic areas
  • 70km thick in continental areas
  • Thinnest layer
24
Q

Describe the Mantle

A
  • Second layer
  • Thickest layer (2900km)
  • Semi-molten due to high temperature and pressure
25
Q

Describe the Outer Core

A
  • 5000 degrees celsius
26
Q

Explain the process of ‘Ridge Push’

A
  • Convections currents push new magma up
  • Magma cools to form new land
  • Land is slid away due to convection currents
  • Gravitational sliding pulls land back down as its heavier and denser
  • Pulled back beneath in the subduction zone
  • Land melts back into magma
27
Q

Describe the Oceanic Plates

A
  • Basalt
  • 6-10km thick
  • Higher density as it’s beneath the sea
  • Fine grains
  • More rigid
28
Q

Describe the Continental Plates

A
  • Granite
  • 30-50km thick
  • Lower density
  • Large crystals
  • Older
  • Forms the land
29
Q

Give an example of oceanic constructive plates

A

North Atlantic ocean

30
Q

Give an example of the continental constructive plate

A

East African rift valley

31
Q

Give an example of the continental destructive plate

A

Himalayas

32
Q

What is a constructive plate margin also known as?

A

Divergent plate

33
Q

What is the other name for a destructive plate margin?

A

Convergent plate margin

34
Q

Continental Drift

A

The movement of tectonic plates, due to varying weights of crust. It was originally through that convection currents caused the movement of the plates, but now slab pull is thought of as the primary driving force.

35
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the surface, directly above the earthquake’s origin.

36
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridge

A

Parting oceanic plates at a constructive plate margin creates a ridge, with new land at the base of the oceanic valley.

37
Q

Primary Waves

A

An earthquake wave causing compressions within the body of rock.

38
Q

Rayleigh Waves

A

A surface earthquake wave causing both horizontal and vertical displacement.

39
Q

Richter Scale

A

A logarithmic measure of earthquake’s intensity.

40
Q

Secondary Waves

A

An earthquake wave causing vertical displacement within the body of rock.

41
Q

Seismic Waves

A

The energy released during an earthquake, in the form of Primary, Secondary, Love, and Rayleigh Waves.

42
Q

Define ‘slab pull’

A

The force contributing to the movement of tectonic plates. Slab pull is due to the weight of the plate.

43
Q

Define ‘subduction’

A

Oceanic plate is forced below continental plates, due to the oceanic plate being more dense than the continental plate.

A-Level Geography (17 decks)

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