Terms & Questions | Chap 2. Water & Organic Molecules

Question 1

Acid

Answer 1

A substance that increases the H+ (Hydrogen) Ions in a solution.

Question 2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 2

Energy currency of the cell that transfers energy from chemical bonds to endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions within the cell.

Question 3

Amino Acid

Answer 3

The subunits (Monomers) from which proteins (Polymers) are assembled

Question 4

Base

Answer 4

Substance that lowers the H+ (Hydrogen Ions) concentration in a solution.

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Organic molecules composed of C, H, and O that serves as energy sources and structursl materials for cells of all organisms.

Question 6

Cellulose

Answer 6

Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. Made up of only Beta glucoses. Insoluble in water and indigestible by humans.

Question 7

Cell Walls

Answer 7

Structure produced by some cells outside their cell membrane. Variosuly composed of Chitin, Peptidoglycan, or Cellulose.

Question 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 8

Complex molecule that serves as the genetic blueprint for the development, functioning, and maintenance of living organisms.

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

Two monosaccharides chemically bonded.

Question 10

Energy

Answer 10

The ability to bring about changes or to do work .

Question 11

Enzymes

Answer 11

Biological molecules that act as organic catalysts for facilitating accelerated chemical reactions through lower required energy.

Question 12

Fats

Answer 12

Lipids, class of macromolecule formed from fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 13

Fatty Acid

Answer 13

Hydrocarbon molecule of organic acid that are the fundamental building blocks of lipids.

Question 14

Hormones

Answer 14

Chemical substances that are produced in the endocrine glands and travel in the blood to target organs where they elicit a response.

Question 15

Hemoglobin

Answer 15

Protein in red blood cells that bind with oxygen and largely responsible for the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Come posed of 4 Polypeptide chains, 2 Alpha and Beta chains.

Question 16

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 16

A weak Covalent Bond formed from the electrostatic attraction of a one more electricnegative Atom to a Hydrogen Atom

Question 17

Lipids

Answer 17

Macromolecule functioning in long-term storage of energy, insulation, structure and control. Fats, Waxes, Oils, Steroids.

Question 18

Macromolecules

Answer 18

Organic molecule made of three to millions of monomer subunits constructed by being covalently bonded through condensation reactions where water is removed from functional groups on the monomers.

Question 19

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

Answer 19

The blueprint for construction of a protein.

Question 20

Mole

Answer 20

Avogadro’s number of a substance.

Question 21

Monomer

Answer 21

A molecule unit that form together to produce a larger molecule (Macromolecule) known as Polymer.

Sugars, Amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.

Question 22

Monosaccharides

Answer 22

Simple carbohydrates, single sugar units.

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

Any change in the DNA base sequence.

Question 24

Natural Selection

Answer 24

Process of differential survival and repoduction of better genotypes.

Question 25

Nucleic Acids

Answer 25

Polymers composed of nucleotides.

Question 26

Nucleoid

Answer 26

The area of the prokaryotic cytoplasm where the chromatin is localized

Question 27

Nucleotides

Answer 27

Phosphate, a sugar, and nitrogenous bases as the fundamental structural unit of the nucleic acid group of organic macromolecules.

DNA, RNA, ATP

Organic macromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids

Question 28

Oils

Answer 28

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature.

Question 29

Peptide Bond

Answer 29

Covalent bond though the removal of water that links two amino acids from each other’s acid end together to form a polypeptide chain.

Question 30

Phosphate Group

Answer 30

Negative charge chemical group composed of a phosphorous bonded to three/four oxygen.

Question 31

Phospholipids

Answer 31

Triglyceride, Lipid molecules with a Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail, respectively. And are the building blocks of the cell membrane.

Question 32

Photosynthesis

Answer 32

The process of turning Solar Energy into Biochemical energy stored in the form of glucose or other carbohydrates.

Question 33

Polar Covalenty Bonded

Answer 33

The unequal sharing of Electrons causing a slightly positive and a slightly negative charge on the side of the molecules.

Question 34

Polymers

Answer 34

Class of natural or synthetic substances composed of macomolecules.

Cellulose, Collagen, Starch, DNA

Question 35

Polysaccharides

Answer 35

Chain of Monosaccharides bonded together.

Question 36

Primary Structure

Answer 36

Sequence of Amino Acids in a protein.

Question 37

Proteins

Answer 37

Polymers made up of Amino Acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins play fundamental roles in the structure, function, and regulation of cells and tissues in living organisms.

Question 38

Quaternary Structure

Answer 38

Highest level of protein structure that describes the arrangement of polypeptide chains to form a functional, biologically active protein.

Question 39

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Answer 39

Single-strand nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides.

Question 40

Ribosomes

Answer 40

Macromolecular machines that are found in all cells and are responsible for protein synthesis. These complexes serve as the machinery for translating the genetic information encoded in RNA into functional proteins.

Question 41

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 41

Construction site where the protein is made

Question 42

Seconday Structure

Answer 42

Natural tendency for polypeptides to coil or pleat. A behavior driven by hydrogen bonding between R-Groups.

Question 43

Tertiary Structure

Answer 43

Seconday structure of a protein being folded into a three–dimensional configuration.

Question 44

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 44

“Truck” delivering the proper amino acid to the site at the right time.

Question 45

Triglyceride

Answer 45

Type of lipid, most abudant in the human body. Consisting of 3 Fatty Acid molecules.