Lifespan & The Brain (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

One of the founders of cognitive development

A

Piaget

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2
Q

2 theories of cognitive development

A

Domain general
Domain specific

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3
Q

Domain general theory of cognitive development*

A
  • everything is linked to each other
  • one line of development determines all other changes
  • if something goes wrong in one area, it will impact on other areas of cognition too
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4
Q

Domain specific theory of cognition*

A
  • different lines of cognitive development operate independently
  • cognition is a MODULAR, HETEROGENOUS system
  • if one module fails to fully develop, others can still operate successfully
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5
Q

Constructivism (Piaget)*

A

Form mental representations of the world based on experiences

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6
Q

Schemas (according to Piaget)

A

Building blocks of knowledge. A mental representation of the environment

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7
Q

2 main processes schemas develop from (Piaget)*

A

Assimilation
Accomodation

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8
Q

Assimilation (Piaget)

A

The process of translating and incorporating information using current schemas (info is similar - equilibrium)

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9
Q

Accommodation (Piaget)

A

The process of adapting current/ old knowledge structures in response to new experiences (info is challenging/ disequilibrium)

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10
Q

Stage theory

A

You cannot develop to a late stage without having developed through all the preceding stages first

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11
Q

4 stages in Piaget’s stage theory**

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. Pre-operational ((2-7 years)
  3. Concrete operations (7-11/12 years)
  4. Formal operations (11/12 years+)
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12
Q

Key milestone for sensorimotor stage

A

Object permanence

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13
Q

How can the sensorimotor stage be researched? (Babies 0-2 may not be able to talk e.t.c.)

A
  • habituation/looking time
  • eye tracking
  • search
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14
Q

Children in the pre-operational stage are…

A

Egocentric

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15
Q

Key milestone for concrete operational stage

A

Conservation

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16
Q

Maturation

A

Changes driven by genetic processes according to specific timetables (the nature side)

17
Q

Critical periods

A

Time limited windows when specific experiences must occur to drive maximal development. Learning is ineffective outside these time windows

18
Q

Sensitive periods

A

Time limited windows when specific experiences have their largest effects. Learning can still be effective outside these windows

19
Q

Experienced-expectant*

A

Processes that utilise environmental information that is highly reliable for all members of the species (e.g. hearing a language)

20
Q

Experience-dependent*

A

Processes that utilise environmental information that can vary across individuals (e.g. the language that was heard)

21
Q

Plasticity

A

The capacity for modification

22
Q

When does the brain reach approximately 90% adult volume

A

6 years

23
Q

Myelination*

A

Coating the axon of each neuron with fatty coating to protect it and help it conduct signals more efficiently
Speeds up neural transmission
Increases in white matter
Inhibits critical periods by inhibiting axon growth

24
Q

Gogtay et al

A

Maturation of low level sensory & motor cortices occurring prior to prefrontal and temporal cortices - which are involved in higher level cognition + regulation of behaviour

25
Q

Brain development is..

A
  • protracted (goes on for a long time)
  • non linear
  • sensitive to positive & negative env influences
26
Q

How does myelination inhibit critical periods

A

By inhibiting axon growth

27
Q

Ways of understanding brain maturation

A

Animal studies
EEG
Near infrared spectrography
MRI/fMRI

28
Q

What helps develop inferential interference (identifying commonality) between childhood and adolescence

A

Maturation of the hippocampus

The better - the bigger the head of the hippocampus

29
Q

Greater activation in which areas from 6 to adulthood

A

Hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex
Retrosplenial
Parahippocampal
Fusiform gyrus