13.1-4 test Flashcards
organisms that have been produced my selective breeding
horses, dogs, cats, and potatoes
who was luther burbank
american botanist that developed the disease resistant burbank potato
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
hybridization
the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
inbreeding
what are some risks of inbreeding?
2 recessive alleles for a genetic affect
why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild?
selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide variation that is found in natural populations
breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing _________, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.
mutations
what are 2 methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation
radiation and chemicals
why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria
the small size of bacteria enable millions of organisms to be treated at the same time, so this increases the chances of producing a useful mutant.
what is true about polyploidy
+many sets of chromosomes
+ usually fatal in animals
+ bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploidy
what is genetic engineering
making changes in the dna code of a living organism
true or false: making changes to the dna code is similar to changing the code of a computer program
true
scientists use their knowledge of the ________ of dna and its _______ properties to study and change their dna molecules.
structure
chemical
list 4 different techniques that molecular biologists use to study and change dna molecules
- extract dna
- cut dna
- identify the sequence
- make copies of dna
explain how biologists get dna out of a cell
the cell is opened and the dna is separated from other cell parts
biologists use __________ _________ to cut dna molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments
restriction enzymes
identifying dna sequence enables researchers to: study specific genes, ___________, and ______________.
compare the w genes of other organisms
discover the functions of diff genes
what occurs during transformation
a cell takes in dna from outside the cell. this external dna becomes apart of the cells dna
give 2 reasons why a plasmid is useful for dna transfer
- helps promote plasmid replication
* genetic maker
describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells
the recombinant dna is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell
how do scientists know that plants and animals share the same basic mechanics of gene expression
a gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works perfectly in a plant
what is a transgenic organism
an organism that contains genes from other organisms
describe how to make a transgenic organism
using basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from 1 organism can be inserted into cells from another organism
genetic engineering has spurred the growth of ____________, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living organism
biotechnology
what is true about transgenic microorganisms
produce human proteins cheaply and in great abundance. people w insulin- dependent diabetes are now treated w pure human insulin. transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics
list 4 ways in which transgenic animals have been used
*study genes *improve food supply *study the effects of diseases on the human immune system *to produce human proteins
items that might be produced by transgenic plants
human antibiotics, plastics, rot-resistant, vitamin A enriched rice
true or false: for years, many scientists thought that it was impossible to clone bacteria
false
true or false: all cloned animals are also transgenic
false
what kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years
sheep, cows, pig, mice, and other mammals
what is meant by selective breeding
allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
