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Biology AS Level 🌺 > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

mm to micrometer conversion rate

A

1mm - 1000 micrometers

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2
Q

what type of microscope to use to see organelle

A

electron microscope

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3
Q

what is the ultrastructure

A

can see all the organelles clearly

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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

encloses the cytoplasm

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5
Q

what does every cell have at one stage in it’s developement

A

nucleus

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6
Q

what is the name for the cytoplasm in the nucleus

A

nucleoplasm

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7
Q

what is in the nucleoplasm

A

chromatin which is the DNA
the protein appears like a chromoson when the cell divides

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8
Q

what is the plasma membrane covered by

A

rigid cell wall (made of cellulose)

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9
Q

what is in the vacoule

A

cellsap ( a solution of sugar and salt)

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10
Q

what surrounds the cell membrane in a plant cell

A

tonoplast

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11
Q

organelles in plant cells are called what?

A

plastids

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12
Q

in what are organelles

A

floating in cytoplasm

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13
Q

whats the other name for cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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14
Q

percentage of water in cytoplasm

A

made of solution of 90% of water

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15
Q

what happens in the cytoplasm

A

tiny soluble substances are dissolved - small ions like sodium
organic molecules (amino acids, ATP and gluose)
metabolic reactions site

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16
Q

what stays in the cytoplasm

A

large insoluble substances
protein, RNA

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17
Q

why do organelles have membranes

A

seperated from the cytoplasm
so the rest of the cell cannot be destroyed

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18
Q

what does the nuclear envelope have

A

a double membrane
pore in membranes - allow large molecules such as nucleotides into cytoplasm but keeps DNA inside

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19
Q

what is in the nucleoplasm

A

like a cytoplasm which includes chromatin which has formed coils of DNA which bind protein

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20
Q

what happens to the chromatin when it divides

A

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

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21
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

small spheric body within the nucleus

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22
Q

what does the nucleolus make

A

makes RNA which is necessary to make ribosomes

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23
Q

what includes the cell’s genetic information

A

nucleus
DNA - carries the code to produce protein

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24
Q

function of the nuclear membrane

A

seperates the nucleus from the rest of the cell but has pores to allow movement

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25
Q

what is the main function of the nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes

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26
Q

where can you find ribosomes

A

either free or stuck to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

size of ribosomes in:
prokaryotic cells (without nucleus)
eukaryotic cells (with nucleus)

A

bigger in the cell with a nucleus

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28
Q

prokaryotic cell meaning

A

without a nucleous

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29
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cells with a nucleus

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30
Q

how would you measure the size of a ribosome

A

how fast they sink through a solution spun very fast

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31
Q

what are ribosomes created from

where were they created

A

one large subunit and one small
both units include protein and the RNS ribosome

in the nucleus

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32
Q

function of ribosomes

A

important for protein synthesis within the cell

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33
Q

what do a lot of eukariotic cells have

A

a double membrane

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34
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

double membrane
inner membrane folds in to form extensions called cristae

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35
Q

what is the benefit of the cristae

A

increases surface area for respiration

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36
Q

what is a part of the inside of the mitochondrian

A

organic matrix includes numerous chemical compounds including lipids and proteins

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37
Q

do mitochondria have DNA?

A

yes

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38
Q

what is the main function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
produces ATP

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39
Q

ATP is used by the cell for

A

synthesis of lipids/ proteins, exocytosis (things leaving the cell) or active transport

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40
Q

where do the reactions happen within the mitochondria

A

matrix / inner membrane

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41
Q

mitochondria can look different in different drawrings / pictures because …

A

seen on a different cross section

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42
Q

advantage of the shape of mitochondria

A

cylinder has a larger surface area than a sphere
reduces diffusion distance between the edge and he centre - makes aerobic respiration more efficient

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43
Q

description of endoplasmic reticulum

A

complex system of parallel double membrane which form flat sacs

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44
Q

what are the cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

vacuoles between the membranes
are full of liquid

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45
Q

whats is the endoplasmic reticulum linked to

A

nuclear membrane
can link to Golgi body

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46
Q

How does the endoplasmic reticulum allows transport to every part of the cell

A

cavities are inter connected

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47
Q

physical look of rough er

A

outer layer of membranes is marked by ribosomes

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48
Q

physical look of smooth ER

A

more tubular apperance - doesnt have ribosomes on its surface

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49
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

package the polypeptide / protein created by the ribosomes into the vesicles and transport them to the golgi body

50
Q

what do ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A

synthesise the polypeptide chain
keeps polypeptide apart from the rest of the cell

51
Q

what happens when the polypeptide chain reaches the cisternae

A

it bends to frm a 3D shape

52
Q

What happens when the endoplasmic reticulum membrane breaks off

A

to create vesicles to carry the polypeptide chain to the Golgi body

53
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

detoxifies drugs + alcohol

54
Q

what do the enzymes on the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

A

catalyses the synthesis of lipids

55
Q

where can you find large number of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

cells which produce / responsible for secreating hormones - like pancreas

56
Q

what job does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do in the liver cells

A

responsible for detoxicicating drugs and poison

57
Q

differnece in how smooth er and golgi body look

A

golgi body has blobs around (lke sausage and peas)

58
Q

how does the golgi body forms

A

as the er is pinched at both ends to form small vesicles
number of theese vesicles combine and fuse together to form a Golgi Body

59
Q

polypeptide meaning

A

0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0
0= amino acid
- = peptide bond
poly = many

60
Q

what does the golgi body do (generally)

A

receives polypeptide chains in vesicles from the rough er

here they will be adapted by joining of subunits

61
Q

The 5 different things golgi body can do

A

1 - add carbohydrate to create glycoprotein
2 - fold and join polypeptide chains to form enzymes (secreated in inactive form)
3- secrete carbohydrates
4 - carry and store lipids produced by smooth er
5 - form lysosomes

62
Q

structure of lysosomes (4)

A

small vacuoles
formed as parts of the golgi body are pinched off
include and isolate digestive enzymes
single membrane

63
Q

why is the content of lysosomes seperated from the rest of the cell?

A

prevent the content of the lysosome from digesting the rest of the cell

64
Q

what are the rough steps for exocytosis from the nucleus with lysosomes

A

1 - nucleus
2 - rough ER
3 - transport vesicle
4 - golgi body
5 - lysosome
6- secretory esicle
7 - exocytosis
8 - activation

65
Q

lysosome - phagocytsois

A

lysosome fuses with membrane of vesicle which has ingested the material and releases the enzymes into the esicle
content of vesicle is digested and useful materials are absorbed into the cytoplasm

66
Q

baisic phagocytosis explination

A

digest materials that the cell has ingested

67
Q

autophagy in lysosomes

A

release digestion enzymes and destroy organelles
digestion hapens in the vacuole which is lined with membranes where lysosomes can realesed their contents

67
Q

phagocytosis stepp 1-6

A

1 - bacteria
2 -bacteria in a vesicle
3 - vesicle + lysosome fuse
4 - lysosome releases content
5 - bacteria digested by enzymes
6 - exocytosis

68
Q

autophagy steps 1-8

A

1 - rough ER
2- golgi body
3- lysosome
4 - organelle in a vesicle
5 - lysosome + vesicle fuse
6 - lysosome releases content
7 - organelle digestes by enzymes
8 - exocytosis

69
Q

where can you find centrioles

A

animal cells only
situated immediately outside the nucleus in a specific part of cytoplasm called centrasom

70
Q

structure of centrioles

A
  • 2 empty cilinders at right angles to each other
  • each one has nine sets of microtubules set in a circle
71
Q

what happens in centrioles during cell division

A

duplicate so they have a pair of centrioles

72
Q

function of centrioles

A

synthesise microtubes

73
Q

why are microtubes important for the cell (2)

A

1 - give the cell shape and support
2- spindle that forms during cell devision seperates the chromosones have formed from a microtubule

74
Q

2 other examples of plastids

A

amyloplast - stores startch
chromoplast - non-photosynthesis pigment ee orange in carrots

75
Q

one coin shaped thing in the chloroplast

A

thylakoid

76
Q

pile of thylakoid

A

granum

77
Q

difference in size of chloroplast and mitochondria

A

chlorplast are bigger

78
Q

what is inside the chloroplast

A

stroma - transparent liquid including ribosomes, lipids and dna
inside stroma are thylakoides

79
Q

why are granums good

A

creates an extensive area in order to capture light energy

80
Q

similarities with mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

can duplicate themselves as both have DNA

81
Q

function of chlorplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

82
Q

vacuole structure

A

liquid filled sac surrounded by single membrane (tonoplast) - cell sap

83
Q

functions of vacuoles (4)

A

maintains shape of plant when water moves through osmsis - causes cytoplasm to be pushed against cell wall
vacuole has pigment such as arithocynanine - different colours, attracts insects, leaves
chemical waste collects here - taste keeps herbivores away
food store

84
Q

what does cell wall contain

A

cellulse set in polysaccharide matrix which overlaps for strength

85
Q

functions of cell wall

A

to allow water to move from cell to cell
provides strength and support

86
Q

cell wall is made of what in plants

A

cellulose

87
Q

cell wall is made of what in fungi

A

chitin

88
Q

cell wall is made of what in prokaryotes

A

murein

89
Q

function of golgi body

A

packaging proteins for secretion from the cell
modifies proteins
produces lysosomes and digestive enzymes

90
Q

smooth er function

A

produce, package and transport steroids and lipids

91
Q

rough er function

A

packaging and storing proteins
produces transport vesicles which merge to form golgi body

92
Q

chromatin function

A

condenses befre cell division to form chromosomes

93
Q

nucleuolus function

A

produces RNA and ribosomes

94
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

seperates the content of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

95
Q

nuclear pores function

A

allow the transport of RNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus

96
Q

nucleus function

A

contains DNA which codes protein synthesis
dna replication occurs here

97
Q

lysosomes function

A

contains powerful digestive enzymes to break down worn out organelles

phagocytes uses lysosomes to digest engulfed bacteria

98
Q

centrioles function

A

form the spindle during the cell division (not in plants)

99
Q

mitochondria function

A

atp synthesis by aerobic respiration

100
Q

chloroplast function

A

contains photosyntheti pigments which trap light energy for photosynthesis

101
Q

vacuole function

A

contains cell sap and stores solutes such as glucose
swells due to osmosis

102
Q

ribosomes function

A

protein synthesis

103
Q

plasmodesmata function

A

connects cells via cytoplasm
allows communication from cell to cell

104
Q

cell wall function

A

mechanical strenght due to high tensile strength of cellulose microfibrils
cell to cell communication via the plasmodesmata

105
Q

5 differences between plant cell and animal cell

A

plant stores startch, animal stores glycogen
centrioles present in animal
many lysosomes in animalds but not usually in plants
vacuole surrounded by tonoplast in plant cells
plasmids in plant cells

106
Q

what is celluolose

A

structural polysaccharide

107
Q

what does cellulose made of

A

long chain of beta glucose units

108
Q

how is cellulose so strong?

A

hydrogen bonds between oh groups of adjacent parallel chain

theese parallel celuolose molecules become tightly crosslinked by hydrogen bonds to form a bundle called microfibrili

lamineted structure of adjacent layers

109
Q

is cellulose permable

A

yes because there are spaces between the fibres

110
Q

what is chitin

A

structural polysaccharide

111
Q

where can you find chitin

A

exoskeleton of insects and in fungal cell walls

112
Q

properties of chitin

A

strong
lightweight
waterproof

113
Q

structure of chitin

A

long parallel chains are cross linked to each other by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrilis

114
Q

bonds in cellulse

A

glycosidic

115
Q

what do lipids contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
but much less oxygen in proportion

116
Q

properties of lipids

A

non polar
insoluble in water

117
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

combination of one glycerol molecule and 3 molecules of fatty acids

118
Q

how are fatty acids and glycerol joined

A

condensation reaction
3 molecules of water removed as ester bonds are formed

119
Q
A

Biology AS Level 🌺 (2 decks)

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